Ghrelin binding nucleic acids

ABSTRACT

The present invention is related to a nucleic acid, preferably binding to ghrelin, whereby the nucleic acid comprises
         a first stretch Box A, and   a second stretch Box B,
 
whereby
   the first stretch Box A comprises about 25 consecutive nucleotides,   the second stretch Box B comprises about six to eight consecutive nucleotides,
 
whereby
   a 3′-terminal stretch of nucleotides of the first stretch Box A hybridises with the second stretch Box B, whereby upon hybridisation a first double-stranded structure is formed, whereby such first double-stranded structure comprises a bulge.

The instant application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/400,459filed 7 Apr. 2006, which claims benefit to EP Ser No. 05007795.7 filed 8Apr. 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference inentirety.

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 13, 2012, isnamed 21315403.txt and is 21,728 bytes in size.

The present invention is related to nucleic acids binding to ghrelin,and their use in the manufacture of a medicament, and their use in themanufacture of a diagnostic agent.

Ghrelin was identified as the natural ligand of the growth hormonesecretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). The receptor is most abundant in thepituitary gland and in hypothalamic parts of the brain, but can also bedetected in other tissues at low concentrations. Since the late 70iessynthetic peptides and other compounds, named secretagogues had beenshown to stimulate the release of growth hormone. However, the naturalligand responsible for the release of growth hormone remained unknownuntil the discovery of ghrelin in 1999. Ghrelin is a highly basic 28amino acid peptide hormone with an octanoyl acid side chain at the thirdamino acid of its N-terminus (serine 3). This unusual modification isrequired for the interaction at the GHS-receptor and its activity.However, in biological samples a mixture of both the octanoyl ghrelinwhich is a form of a bioactive ghrelin, and the unmodified ordes-octanoyl ghrelin is present. The amino-acid sequence of the purifiedrat ghrelin was determined to be GSSFLSPEHQKAQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR (SEQ. ID.No. 2); the corresponding human sequence deviates in two positions only,carrying the same n-octanoyl-side chain at the amino acid positionserine 3 and was determined to be GSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR (SEQ. ID.NO:1).

Beside the naturally occurring n-octanoyl residue, unsaturated orbranched octanoyl groups, and longer aliphatic chains introduced atposition 3 of ghrelin mediate receptor recognition as well. The receptorinteraction domain is located at the very N-terminus of ghrelin;deletion studies indicate, that the minimal motif of amino acids 1-5(ghrelin (1-5) [GSSFL] (SEQ ID NO:73)) is sufficient for stimulation ofGHSR1a, but a strong requirement for peptide modification with then-octanoyl residue is observed.

Ghrelin has been shown to mediate physiological functions pertinent toan anabolic state. It directly stimulates the release of growth hormone(GH) from the pituitary gland, and may therefore be a suitable target inthe treatment of acromegaly. Experiments in rodents also showed ghrelinto induce feeding in a GH-independent fashion by acting uponhypothalamic neurons. Interestingly, the primary site of ghrelinproduction is in oxyntic glands in the stomach, suggesting that itserves as a hormonal link between stomach, pituitary gland andhypothalamus. The observation that ghrelin administration in ratsresulted in weight gain as a consequence of changes in energy intakeand/or fuel utilization is in support of such a role. Moreover, systemicghrelin administration in humans cause sensations of hunger in the testsubjects and induce overeating. Based on these findings ghrelin isthought to have a crucial role in the regulation of appetite and bodyweight, serving as an acute as well as a chronic signal of an underfedstate. Additional support for this hypothesis comes from observationsthat ghrelin levels as well as appetite are reduced in individualsfollowing gastric bypass, contributing at least in part to theefficiency of the procedure in effecting weight loss. Clinical data frompatients with Prader-Willi syndrome also suggest that the hyperphagiaand obesity associated with the disease are a consequence of tremendoushyperghrelinemia. Moreover, ghrelin was found to induce hyperglycemiaand inhibition of insulin release, indicating an involvement in glucosemetabolism. Beside these functions in energy metabolism, ghrelin hasalso been implicated in a number of other processes in the field ofgastrointestinal diseases, such as gastric emptying and regulation ofbowel movements. Moreover, ghrelin was also found to be expressed in anumber of neuroendocrine tumors and to stimulate, besides GH releasefrom the pituitary, the release of ACTH, PRL, and cortisol. Singleinjections of ghrelin into healthy individuals were found to increasecardiac output and decrease blood pressure. Thus, ghrelin action appearsto be involved in a variety of different tasks. Additional backgroundinformation related thereto can be found in M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y.Date, M. Nakazato, H. Matsu, K. Kanagawa, “Ghrelin is agrowth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach”, Nature402:656-60, 1999; M. Tschöp, D. L. Smiley, M. L. Heiman, “Ghrelininduces adiposity in rodents”, Nature 407:908-13, 2000; A. M. Wren etal., “Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans”,Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 86:5992-6, 2001; M.Nakazato et al., “A role for ghrelin in the central regulation offeeding”, Nature 409: 194-8, 2001; N. Nagaya, et al., Am J Physiol RegulIntegr Comp Physiol. 2001 May; 280(5):R1483-7; Hemodynamic and hormonaleffects of human ghrelin in healthy volunteers; Volante M, et al., JClin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 March; 87(3):1300-8. Expression of ghrelinand of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells andrelated endocrine tumors; Jeffery P L, et al., J Endocrinol. 2002 March;172(3):R7-11 Expression and action of the growth hormone releasingpeptide ghrelin and its receptor in prostate cancer cell lines; Egido EM, et al., Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 February; 146(2):241-4 Inhibitoryeffect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion;Broglio F, et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 October; 86(10):5083-6,Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induceshyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans; Bednarek M A, etal., J Med Chem. 2000 October; 43:4370-6 Structure-function studies onthe new growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin: minimal sequence ofghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor1a.

The problem underlying the present invention is to provide a specificantagonist to ghrelin. A further aspect of the problem underlying thepresent invention is to provide a specific antagonist to the growthhormone secretagogue receptor 1 a (GHSR 1a). Another aspect of theproblem underlying the present invention is to provide a compound forthe treatment of diseases and disorders involving ghrelin and the GHSR1a receptor, respectively.

A further problem underlying the present invention is to provide meansfor the binding of bioactive ghrelin and more particularly to provide amethod for the treatment of diseases and disorders mediated by bioactiveghrelin as well as methods for the specific detection of bioactiveghrelin.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a first aspectby a nucleic acid, preferably binding to ghrelin, whereby the nucleicacid comprises

-   -   a first stretch Box A, and    -   a second stretch Box B,        whereby    -   the first stretch Box A comprises about 25 consecutive        nucleotides,    -   the second stretch Box B comprises about six to eight        consecutive nucleotides,        whereby    -   a 3′-terminal stretch of nucleotides of the first stretch Box A        hybridises with the second stretch Box B, whereby upon        hybridisation a first double-stranded structure is formed,        whereby such first double-stranded structure comprises a bulge.

In an embodiment of each and any aspect of the present invention, theghrelin is a bioactive ghrelin, and more preferably octanoyl ghrelin andmost preferably n-octanoyl ghrelin.

In an embodiment, the double-stranded structure is formed by the five3′-terminal consecutive nucleotides of the first stretch Box A and partor all of the nucleotides of the second stretch Box B, preferably thesix to eight consecutive nucleotides of the second stretch Box B.

In an embodiment the bulge is formed by 1 to 3 nucleotides of the secondstretch Box B, preferably by 1 nucleotide of the second stretch Box B,not base-pairing with the five 3′-terminal consecutive nucleotides ofthe first stretch Box A.

In an embodiment, the bulge is formed by a non-base pairing purine,whereby the purine is preferably a guanosine.

In a preferred embodiment, the non-base pairing purine is provided bythe second stretch Box B.

In an embodiment the nucleic acid further comprises a third stretch BoxC1 and a fourth stretch Box C2,

-   -   whereby the third stretch Box C1 comprises at least one        nucleotide and    -   the fourth stretch Box C2 comprises at least one nucleotide, and    -   whereby the third stretch Box C1 is attached with its 3′-end to        the 5′-end of the second stretch Box B, and the fourth stretch        Box C2 is attached with its 5′-end to the 3′-end of the first        stretch Box A.

In a preferred embodiment, the third stretch Box C1 and the fourthstretch Box C2 are capable of hybridisation, whereby upon hybridisationa second double-stranded structure is formed.

In an embodiment, the first double-stranded structure forms a firsthelical structure.

In a preferred embodiment, the second double-stranded structure forms asecond helical structure.

In a more preferred embodiment, the second helical structure is a helixor a helix-like structure comprising from 1 to 10 base pairs, preferablyfrom 1 to 3 base pairs and more preferably from 2 to 3 base pairs.

In a preferred embodiment, the first helical structure is prolonged bythe second helical structure.

In a preferred embodiment, the third stretch Box C1 comprises from about1 to 10 consecutive nucleotides, preferably 1 to 3 consecutivenucleotides and more preferably 2 or 3 consecutive nucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment, the fourth stretch Box C2 comprises fromabout 1 to 10 consecutive nucleotides, preferably 1 to 3 consecutivenucleotides and more preferably 2 or 3 consecutive nucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid further comprises a fifthstretch Box D, whereby the fifth stretch Box D comprises at least twoconsecutive nucleotides.

In a more preferred embodiment, the fifth stretch Box D comprises thesequence 5′-CA.

In a more preferred embodiment, the fifth stretch Box D comprises anylength of consecutive nucleotides, whereby the length is selected fromthe group consisting of two, three, four, five and six consecutivenucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment, the fifth stretch Box D comprises a sequenceof

5′CA(X)_(n)3′.

whereby X is any nucleotide, preferably selected from the groupcomprising A, G, T, C, U and Iand whereby n is any integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1,2, 3 and 4.

In a more preferred embodiment the fifth stretch Box D consists of thesequence

5′CA(X)_(n)3′

whereby n=4.

In a preferred embodiment, the fifth stretch Box D is attached with its5′-end to the 3′-end of the second stretch Box B.

In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid further comprises a sixthstretch Box E, whereby the sixth stretch Box E comprises at least onenucleotide.

In a more preferred embodiment, the sixth stretch Box E comprises aboutfrom 1 to 10 consecutive nucleotides, preferably 1 to 4 consecutivenucleotides and more preferably 3 consecutive nucleotides.

In a further more preferred embodiment, at least one of the nucleotidesof the sixth stretch Box E is selected from the group consisting of Uand G.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the U or G nucleotide ispositioned immediately next to the 5′ end of the first stretch Box A.

In a preferred embodiment, the sixth stretch Box E is attached with its3′-end to the 5′-end of the first stretch Box A.

In a preferred embodiment the 3′-end of the fifth stretch Box D isattached to the 5′-end of the sixth stretch Box E by a first spacer.

In a preferred embodiment the 3′-end of the fourth stretch Box C2 isattached to the 5′-end of the third stretch Box C1 by a second spacer.

In a preferred embodiment, the first and the second spacer are eachseparately and independently selected from the group comprisinghydrophilic spacers.

In a more preferred embodiment, the hydrophilic spacer is selected fromthe group comprising a nucleic acid spacer and a non-nucleic acidspacer.

In a more preferred embodiment, the first spacer is a nucleic acidspacer comprising about from 1 to 20 consecutive nucleotides, preferably1 to 5 consecutive nucleotides and more preferably 2 consecutivenucleotides.

In an alternative, more preferred embodiment the second spacer is anucleic acid spacer comprising about from 3 to 20 consecutivenucleotides, preferably 3 to 5 consecutive nucleotides and morepreferably 3 consecutive nucleotides. In an even more preferredembodiment, the second spacer consists of ACA or CAA.

In a further alternative, more preferred embodiment the spacer is anon-nucleic acid. In a particularly preferred embodiment thereof thefirst spacer and/or the second spacer comprises at least one ethyleneglycol moiety or a plurality of such ethylene glycol moieties.

In an embodiment, the spacer has a molecular weight of about from 172 to688 Da, preferably 344 Da.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is a circular nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid has the structure of

or the structure of

In an embodiment, the first stretch Box A comprises the sequence of

UAAX₁X₂CCGAAX₃GUAX₄CCAUUCCUX₅C; (SEQ ID No. 3)whereby

X₁=G or A; X₂=A or U; X₃=G or A; X₄=A or C or U; and X₅=G or A,

preferably

5′UAAGACCGAAGGUACCCAAUCCUAC3′. (SEQ ID No. 4)

In an embodiment the second stretch Box B comprises the sequence of5′GUGAGG3′.

In an embodiment, the sequence of the nucleic acid is selected from thegroup comprising the sequences according to:

SEQ ID NO: internal reference  5 MS-P2-E3  6 MS-P2-G2  7 MS-P2-D2  8MS-P2-A3  9 MS-P2-E1 10 MS-P2-B1 11 MS-P2-F1 12 MS-P2-C3 13 MS-P2-C2 14MS-P2-H2 15 MS-P2-A4 16 MS-P2-B2 17 MS-P2-A2 18 MS-P3-H3 19 MS-P2-D1 20SOT-C 21 F12 22 SOT-D (C12) 23 SOT-D-000 24 SOT-D-100 25 SOT-D-101 26SOT-D-102 27 SOT-D-104 28 SOT-D-106 29 SOT-D-108 30 & 74 SOT-D-109 31 &75 SOT-D-110 32 & 76 SOT-D-111 33 SOT-E or MS-P2-F1 34 & 77 SOT-E-02 35SOT-E-09 36 & 78 SOT-E-11 37 SOT-E-12 38 SOT-E-14 39 & 79 SOT-E-19 40 &80 SOT-E-21 41 & 81 SOT-E-25 42 & 82 SOT-E-33 43 SOT-E19-L 44 SOT-E19-L145 SOT-E19-L2 46 SOT-E19-L3 47 SOT-E19-L4 48 SOT-E19-L5 49 SOT-E19-L6 50SOT-E19-L7 51 SOT-E19-5′-PEG 52 SOT-D-109 (NOX-B11-2) 72 biotinylatedNOX-B11

In a preferred embodiment the sequence of the nucleic acid is selectedfrom the group comprising the sequences according to SEQ ID NO:29, SEQID NOs:30 & 74, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NOs:36 & 78, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ IDNOs:39 & 79, SEQ ID NOs:40 & 80, SEQ ID NOs:41 & 81, SEQ ID NOs:42 & 82,SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NOs:51 & 83 or SEQ ID NOs:52 & 84.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is capable of binding ghrelin,preferably human ghrelin.

In a preferred embodiment, the ghrelin has an amino acid sequenceaccording to SEQ ID NO:1.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a modification.

In a preferred embodiment, the modification is selected from the groupcomprising a HES moiety and a PEG moiety.

In a more preferred embodiment, the modification is a PEG moietyconsisting of a straight or branched PEG, whereby the molecular weightof the PEG moiety is preferably from about 20 to 120 kD, more preferablyfrom about 30 to 80 kD and most preferably about 40 kD.

In an alternative, more preferred embodiment the modification is a HESmoiety, whereby preferably the molecular weight of the HES moiety isfrom about 10 to 130 kD, more preferably from about 30 to 80 kD and mostpreferably about 50 kD.

In an embodiment, the nucleotides of the nucleic acid are L-nucleotides.

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid consists completely ofL-nucleotides.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a secondaspect by a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acidaccording to the first aspect and optionally a further constituent,whereby the further constituent is selected from the group comprisingpharmaceutically acceptable excipients and pharmaceutically activeagents.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a third aspectby the use of a nucleic acid according to the first aspect for themanufacture of a medicament.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a fourthaspect by the use of a nucleic acid according to the first aspect forthe manufacture of a diagnostic means.

In an embodiment of the third aspect, the medicament is for thetreatment and/or prevention of a disease or disorder selected from thegroup comprising obesity, eating disorders, diabetes, glucose metabolismdisorders, tumor, blood pressure disorders, cardiovascular diseases,acromegaly and regulation of energy balance, appetite, body weight, andgastrointestinal diseases.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a fifth aspectby a complex comprising ghrelin and a nucleic acid according to thefirst aspect, whereby preferably the complex is a crystalline complex.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a sixth aspectby the use of a nucleic acid according to the first aspect for thedetection of ghrelin.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a seventhaspect by a method for the screening of a ghrelin antagonist or aghrelin agonist comprising the following steps:

-   -   providing a candidate ghrelin antagonist and/or a candidate        ghrelin agonist,    -   providing a nucleic acid according to the first aspect,    -   providing a test system which provides a signal in the presence        of a ghrelin antagonist and/or a ghrelin agonist, and    -   determining whether the candidate ghrelin antagonist is a        ghrelin antagonist and/or whether the candidate ghrelin agonist        is a ghrelin agonist.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in an eighthaspect by a method for the screening of a ghrelin agonist and/or aghrelin antagonist comprising the following steps:

-   -   providing ghrelin immobilised to a phase, preferably a solid        phase,    -   providing a nucleic acid according to the first aspect,        preferably a nucleic acid according to the first aspect which is        labelled,    -   adding a candidate ghrelin agonist and/or a candidate ghrelin        antagonist, and    -   determining whether the candidate ghrelin agonist is a ghrelin        agonist and/or whether the candidate ghrelin antagonist is a        ghrelin antagonist.

In an embodiment, the determining is carried out such that it isassessed whether the nucleic acid is replaced by the candidate ghrelinagonist or by a candidate ghrelin antagonist.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a ninth aspectby a kit for the detection of ghrelin, comprising a nucleic acidaccording to the first aspect.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in a tenth aspectby a ghrelin antagonist obtainable by the method according to the eighthaspect.

The problem underlying the present invention is solved in an eleventhaspect by a ghrelin agonist obtainable by the method according to theeighth aspect.

The present invention is based on the surprising finding that it ispossible to generate nucleic acids binding specifically and with highaffinity to ghrelin. More specifically, the present inventors couldsurprisingly generate nucleic acids specifically binding to bioactiveghrelin, and more preferably octanoyl ghrelin and most preferablyn-octanoyl ghrelin

Ghrelin is a basic peptide having the amino acid sequence according toSEQ. ID. No. 1, and is preferably modified with a fatty acid side chainwhich is preferably an octanoyl side chain and more preferably ann-octanoyl side chain. The calculated pI of ghrelin is 11.07 for humanghrelin and 10.56 for rat ghrelin. In a preferred embodiment the ghrelinto which the nucleic acids according to the present invention bind, is aghrelin which is modified with the fatty acid side chain. In analternative embodiment, the ghrelin is a ghrelin which does not have thefatty acid side chain. As used herein the term ghrelin refers to anyghrelin including, but not limited to, mammalian ghrelin. Preferably,the mammalian ghrelin is selected from the group comprising mice, rat,rabbit, hamster and human ghrelin. Most preferably, the ghrelin is humanghrelin.

The finding that high affinity binding nucleic acids to ghrelin could beidentified, is insofar surprising as Eaton et al. (Eaton, B. E.; Gold,L.; Hicke, B. J.; Janjic, N.; Jucker, F. M.; Sebosta, D. P.; Tarasow, T.M.; Willis, M. C.; Zichi, D. A.; Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Vol5, No. 6; pp 1087-1096, 1997) observed that the generation of aptamers,i.e. D-nucleic acids binding to a target molecule, directed to a basicprotein is in general very difficult because this kind of targetproduces a high but non-specific signal-to-noise ratio. This highsignal-to-noise ratio results from the high non-specific affinity shownby nucleic acids for basic targets such as ghrelin.

It is an even more surprising finding that despite of the very basicover-all pI of ghrelin and the receptor binding motif GSSFL [ghrelin(1-5)] (SEQ ID NO:73) of ghrelin being a rather acidic domain with acalculated pI of 5.5, the present inventors could identify a nucleicacid using the full-length ghrelin that specifically recognizes theacidic receptor binding domain, but not the basic central andcarboxy-terminal domain of the peptide. This is surprising in regard ofelectrostatic effects of both the charges of target molecule, i.e.ghrelin, and the charges of the nucleic acid. The binding of negativelycharged nucleic acids to a basic domain of a target molecule should bemuch more advantageous compared to the binding of a nucleic acid to anacidic domain of a target molecule. Thus it has to be pointed out thatthe one skilled in the art had no reasonable expectation of success toselect a nucleic acid ligand that is not binding to the basic part ofghrelin but is binding to the acidic domain of the target molecule.

Besides having the amino-terminal receptor binding motif GSSFL (SEQ IDNO:73), a biologically active ghrelin which is also referred to hereinas bioactive ghrelin, is preferably characterized by its acylation witha n-octanoyl group at amino acid serine 3. The nucleic acid moleculesaccording to the present invention which are preferably a ligand of theamino-terminal motif GSSFL (SEQ ID NO:73) disclosed herein preferablyallow the discrimination of the biologically active from thebio-inactive or non-bioactive form of ghrelin. This is surprising, sincebinding is strictly dependent on the presence of two moieties, theoctanoyl group and the peptide: binding of the nucleic acid tooctanoyl-ghrelin is specific in the presence of a 1000-fold excess ofdesoctanoyl-ghrelin, more preferable in the presence in a 100-foldexcess of desoctanoyl-ghrelin, and most preferable in the presence of a10-fold excess of desoctanoyl-ghrelin.

As used in preferred embodiments herein, a bioactive ghrelin is aghrelin which exhibits in a preferred embodiment essentially all of thecharacteristics of the naturally occurring ghrelin. Particularly, abioactive ghrelin as used herein in preferred embodiments is any ghrelinand ghrelin derivative which is responsible for or can trigger therelease of growth hormone, more preferably via an interaction with theGHS receptor. In contrast to this, in preferred embodiments, anon-bioactive ghrelin is a ghrelin which is different from bioactiveghrelin, more preferably does not trigger the release of growth hormone,more preferably via an interaction with the GHS receptor.

In a preferred embodiment the present inventors were surprisingly ableto generate ghrelin binding nucleic acids, whereby the ghrelin is abioactive ghrelin or biologically active ghrelin which discriminatebetween ghrelin having the octanoyl acid side chain at a third aminoacid of its N terminus (serine 3) whilst they are not binding to ghrelinlacking such octanoyl acid side chain.

The features of the nucleic acid according to the present invention asdescribed herein can be realised in any aspect of the present inventionwhere the nucleic acid is used, either alone or in any combination.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the present inventors assumethat the observed specificity of the ghrelin binding nucleic acidsaccording to the present invention share some structural features whichshall be discussed in the following, whereby reference is made to FIG.20A. However, it is to be understood that FIG. 20A incorporates severalof said structural features which do not have to be necessarily realizedin each and any of the nucleic acids according to the present invention.

The basic structural feature is a first stretch of contiguousnucleotides which is also referred to herein as Box A or first stretchBox A herein, and a second stretch of contiguous nucleotides which isalso referred to as Box B or second stretch Box B herein. The firststretch Box A comprises about 25 consecutive nucleotides, whereas thesecond stretch Box B comprises about six to eight consecutivenucleotides. The 3′ terminal stretch of the first stretch Box Ahybridises with the second stretch Box B, whereby upon hybridisation afirst double-stranded structure is formed, whereby such firstdouble-stranded structure comprises a bulge. The double-strandedstructure is formed by the five 3′-terminal consecutive nucleotides ofthe first stretch Box A and some of the six to eight consecutivenucleotides of the second stretch Box B. The bulge is formed by aslittle as 1 and as many as 3 nucleotides which are not base-pairing withthe five 3′-terminal consecutive nucleotides of the first stretch Box A.Therefore, the bulge may consist of 1, 2 or 3 non-base-pairingnucleotides, preferably provided by the second stretch Box B. In view ofthis bulge size, the second stretch Box B may comprise 6 to 8consecutive nucleotides. More preferably, the bulge is created by anon-base pairing third nucleotide within the second stretch Box B seenfrom the 5′ end of the second stretch Box B with the second stretch BoxB preferably comprising six consecutive nucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid according to the presentinvention is a single nucleic acid molecule. In a further embodiment,the single nucleic acid molecule is present as a multitude of the singlenucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the terms nucleic acid and nucleicacid molecule are used in an interchangeable manner herein if notindicated to the contrary.

It will be acknowledged by the ones skilled in the art that the nucleicacid molecule in accordance with the invention preferably consists ofnucleotides which are covalently linked to each other, preferablythrough phosphodiester links or linkages.

A further important feature is a second double-stranded structure. Suchsecond double-stranded structure is formed by a third stretch ofcontiguous nucleotides which is also referred to as Box C1 or thirdstretch Box C1, and by a fourth stretch of contiguous nucleotides whichis also referred to as Box C2 or fourth stretch Box C2. The thirdstretch Box C1 is attached with its 3′-end to the 5′-end of the secondstretch Box B, and the fourth stretch Box C2 is attached with its 5′-endto the 3′-end of the first stretch Box A. This second double-strandedstructure typically forms a helical structure which is also referred toherein as the second helical structure. Such second helical structure ispreferably an extension of the helical structure typically formed by thefirst double-stranded structure. The length of said firstdouble-stranded structure which is preferably a helical structure alsoreferred to herein as first helical structure, is defined by the lengthof the first stretch Box A and second stretch Box B, more precisely bythe stretch of said two Boxes hybridising to each other. The extensionprovided to said first helical structure by the second double-strandedstructure is, according to the current understanding of the inventors,more of a stabilising kind, although the present inventors do not wishto be bound by this theory. The second helical structure consists of oneto ten base pairs, preferably one to three base pairs and morepreferably two or three base pairs. It will be acknowledged by the oneskilled in the art that as little as one to three base pairs are notnecessarily suitable to create a helix. This kind of structure is thusalso referred to herein as a helix-like structure, whereby preferablysuch helix-like structure is a structure which, when extended by one orseveral base pairs, would result in a helical structure.

A further important feature is a fifth stretch of consecutivenucleotides which is also referred to herein as Box D or the fifthstretch Box D. This additional stretch provides for an improvement inthe overall binding of the nucleic acid. Although the fifth stretchcomprises at least only two nucleotides, its beneficial impact on thebinding of ghrelin can be further improved by increasing the length ofthe fifth stretch preferably up to 6 consecutive nucleotides. Also, thefifth stretch has turned out to be particularly effective is ifcontained, preferably at its 5′ end a CA dinucleotide and the fifthstretch having sequence of

5′CA(X)_(n)3′,

whereby X is any nucleotide, preferably selected from the groupcomprising A, G, T, C, U and I.

A further feature of the nucleic acids according to the presentinvention is the sixth stretch of contiguous nucleotides which is alsoreferred to herein as Box E or the sixth stretch Box E. Preferably, thesixth stretch consists of at least one nucleotide.

The various stretches are attached to each other as may be taken fromFIG. 20A. As depicted there, preferably, the third stretch Box C1 andfourth stretch Box C2 each comprise one or two nucleotides, morepreferably two nucleotides, fifth stretch Box D comprises at least twonucleotides, preferably four nucleotides and most preferably sixnucleotides.

In the embodiment where the length of the third stretch Box C1 andfourth stretch Box C2 is 0, first stretch Box A and second stretch Box Bmay optionally be linked through a linker or spacer, whereby such spacermay be any of the spacers disclosed herein. As used herein the terms,“spacer” and “linker” are used in an interchangeable manner if notindicated otherwise.

In connection with the present invention, it is preferred that the firststretch and the second stretch are linked to each other, preferablythrough a covalent link. In a preferred embodiment, the covalent link isa phosphodiester link. In a still further preferred embodiment, the 3′terminus of the first stretch is linked to the 5′ terminus of the secondstretch.

In another embodiment, the sixth stretch Box E comprises 1 to 10consecutive nucleotides, preferably 1 to 4 consecutive nucleotides andmost preferably 3 consecutive nucleotides.

As may be taken from these various arrangements, it is possible that thefifth stretch and the sixth stretch are linked to each other or not,that the third and fourth stretch are linked to each other or not andthat the first and the second stretch are linked to each other or not.It will be acknowledged that the linkage is preferably made through acovalent bond. More preferably, the linkage is made through ahydrophilic spacer comprising at least one, preferably a multitude ofethylene glycol moieties. Various linkers and spacers, respectively, areknown to the ones skilled in the art and can be selected using thefollowing criteria as described, e.g., by Pils and Micura (Nucleic AcidResearch (2000), 28 (9), 1859-1863). The linkers should do not interferewith the base pairs themselves. Linker types that contain aromaticcarbocycles stack on the terminal base pair and therefore are notsuitable (J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1999), 121, 9905-9906; J. Am. Chem. Soc.(1998), 120, 11004-11005). However, eythylene glycol based or ethyleneglycol derived linkers meet these requirements as they have theadvantage of good water solubility and high conformational flexibility(J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1993), 115, 8483-8484; Nucleic Acids Research(1993), 21, 5600-5603; Biochemistry (1993), 32, 1751-1758; Nucleic AcidResearch (1990), 18, 6353-6359; J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1997), 119,11591-11597). Preferably, the spacer comprises or consists of one orseveral ethylene glycol moieties, whereby the oxygen is replaced orsubstituted by a CH₂, a phosphate or sulfur.

Based on these linkage options, the following structures can be realized

or

Finally, it is also within the present invention that a fully closed,i.e. circular structure for the nucleic acids according to the presentinvention is realized as depicted in FIG. 20 D.

The nucleic acids according to the present invention shall also comprisenucleic acids which are essentially homologous to the particularsequences disclosed herein. The term substantially homologous shall beunderstood such as the homology is at least 75%, preferably 85%, morepreferably 90% and most preferably more that 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

The term inventive nucleic acid or nucleic acid according to the presentinvention shall also comprise those nucleic acids comprising the nucleicacids sequences disclosed herein or part thereof, preferably to theextent that the nucleic acids or said parts are involved in the bindingto ghrelin, and more preferably discriminate bioactive ghrelin fromnon-bioactive ghrelin, i.e. in particular octanoyl-ghrelin fromdes-octanoyl-ghrelin. Such a nucleic acid may be derived from the onesdisclosed herein, e.g., by truncation. Truncation may be related toeither or both of the ends of the nucleic acids as disclosed herein.Also, truncation may be related to the inner sequence of nucleotides,i.e. it may be related to the nucleotide(s) between the 5′ and the 3′terminal nucleotide, respectively. Moreover, truncation shall comprisethe deletion of as little as a single nucleotide from the sequence ofthe nucleic acids disclosed herein. Truncation may also be related tomore than one stretch of the inventive nucleic acid(s), whereby thestretch can be as little as one nucleotide long.

The nucleic acids according to the present invention may be eitherD-nucleic acids or L-nucleic acids. Preferably, the inventive nucleicacids are L-nucleic acids. In addition, it is possible that one orseveral parts of the nucleic acid are present as D-nucleic acids or atleast one or several parts of the nucleic acids are L-nucleic acids. Theterm “part” of the nucleic acids shall mean as little as one nucleotide.Such nucleic acids are generally referred to herein as D- and L-nucleicacids, respectively. Therefore, in a particularly preferred embodiment,the nucleic acids according to the present invention consist ofL-nucleotides and comprise at least one D-nucleotide. Such D-nucleotideis preferably attached to a part different from the stretches definingthe nucleic acids according to the present invention, preferably thoseparts thereof, where an interaction with other parts of the nucleic acidis involved. Preferably, such D-nucleotide is attached at a terminus ofany of the stretches and of any nucleic acid according to the presentinvention, respectively. In a further preferred embodiment, suchD-nucleotides may act as a spacer or a linker, preferably attachingmodifications such as PEG and HES to the nucleic acids according to thepresent invention.

It is also within the present invention that the nucleic acids accordingto the present invention are part of a longer nucleic acid whereby thislonger nucleic acid comprises several parts whereby at least one part isa nucleic acid, or a part thereof, according to the present invention.The other part of these longer nucleic acids can be either a D-nucleicacid or L-nucleic acid. Any combination may be used in connection withthe present invention. These other part(s) of the longer nucleic acidcan exhibit a function which is different from binding, preferably frombinding to ghrelin. One possible function is to allow interaction withother molecules, whereby such other molecules preferably are differentfrom ghrelin, such as, e.g., for immobilization, cross-linking,detection or amplification.

L-nucleic acids as used herein are nucleic acids consisting ofL-nucleotides, preferably consisting completely of L-nucleotides.

D-nucleic acids as used herein are nucleic acids consisting ofD-nucleotides, preferably consisting completely of D-nucleotides.

Irrespective of whether the inventive nucleic acid consists ofD-nucleotides, L-nucleotides or a combination of both with thecombination being e.g. a random combination or a defined sequence ofstretches consisting of at least one L-nucleotide and at least oneD-nucleic acid, the nucleic acid may consist of desoxyribonucleotide(s),ribonucleotide(s) or combinations thereof.

Designing the inventive nucleic acids as L-nucleic acid is advantageousfor several reasons. L-nucleic acids are enantiomers of naturallyoccurring nucleic acids. D-nucleic acids, however, are not very stablein aqueous solutions and particularly in biological systems orbiological samples due to the widespread presence of nucleases.Naturally occurring nucleases, particularly nucleases from animal cellsare not capable of degrading L-nucleic acids. Because of this thebiological half-life of the L-nucleic acid is significantly increased insuch a system, including the animal and human body. Due to the lackingdegradability of L-nucleic acid no nuclease degradation products aregenerated and thus no side effects arising therefrom observed. Thisaspect delimits the L-nucleic acid of factually all other compoundswhich are used in the therapy of diseases and/or disorders involving thepresence of ghrelin. L-nucleic acids which specifically bind to a targetmolecule through a mechanism different from Watson Crick base pairing,or aptamers which consists partially or completely of L-nucleotides,particularly with those parts of the aptamer being involved in thebinding of the aptamer to the target molecule, are also calledspiegelmers.

It is also within the present invention that the inventive nucleicacids, regardless whether they are present as D-nucleic acids, L-nucleicacids or D,L-nucleic acids or whether they are DNA or RNA, may bepresent as single stranded or double stranded nucleic acids. Typically,the inventive nucleic acids are single stranded nucleic acids whichexhibit defined secondary structures due to the primary sequence and maythus also form tertiary structures. The inventive nucleic acids,however, may also be double stranded in the meaning that two strandswhich are complementary or partially complementary to each other arehybridised to each other. This confers stability to the nucleic acidwhich, in particular, will be advantageous if the nucleic acid ispresent in the naturally occurring D-form rather than the L-form.

The inventive nucleic acids may be modified. Such modifications may berelated to the single nucleotide of the nucleic acid and are well knownin the art. Examples for such modification are described in, amongothers, Venkatesan N. et al. (2003) Curr Med Chem. October;10(19):1973-91; Kusser, W. (2000) J Biotechnol, 74: 27-38; Aurup, H. etal. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res, 22, 20-4; Cummins, L. L. et al, (1995)Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 2019-24; Eaton, B. E. et al. (1995) Chem Biol, 2,633-8; Green, L. S. et al., (1995) Chem Biol, 2, 683-95; Kawasaki, A. M.et al., (1993) J Med Chem, 36, 831-41; Lesnik, E. A. et al., (1993)Biochemistry, 32, 7832-8; Miller, L. E. et al., (1993) J Physiol, 469,213-43. Such modification can be an H atom, an F atom or O—CH3 group orNH2-group at the 2′ position of the individual nucleotide of which thenucleic acid consists. Also, the nucleic acid according to the presentinvention can comprises at least one LNA nucleotide. In an embodimentthe nucleic acid according to the present invention consists of LNAnucleotides.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acids according to the present inventionmay be a multipartite nucleic acid. A multipartite nucleic acid as usedherein, is a nucleic acid which consists of at least two nucleic acidstrands. These at least two nucleic acid strands form a functional unitwhereby the functional unit is a ligand to a target molecule. The atleast two nucleic acid strands may be derived from any of the inventivenucleic acids by either cleaving the nucleic acid to generate twostrands or by synthesising one nucleic acid corresponding to a firstpart of the inventive, i.e. overall nucleic acid and another nucleicacid corresponding to the second part of the overall nucleic acid. It isto be acknowledged that both the cleavage and the synthesis may beapplied to generate a multipartite nucleic acid where there are morethan two strands as exemplified above. In other words, the at least twonucleic acid strands are typically different from two strands beingcomplementary and hybridising to each other although a certain extent ofcomplementarity between the various nucleic acid parts may exist.

The present inventors have discovered that the nucleic acids accordingto the present invention exhibit a very favourable Kd value range. Moreparticularly, oligonucleotides comprising—besides complete Box A and BoxB—Box C1 and C2 with minimal two nucleotides each, Box D with minimalsix nucleotides and Box E with minimal three nucleotides (for exampleSOT-E) show sixfold better binding affinity to ghrelin (FIG. 18) thanSOT-C.

A possibility to determine the binding constant is the use of the socalled Biacore device, which is also known to the one skilled in theart. Affinity as used herein was also measured by the use of“equilibrium assay” as described in the examples. An appropriate measurein order to express the intensity of the binding between the nucleicacid according to the target which is in the present case ghrelin, isthe so-called Kd value which as such as well the method for itsdetermination are known to the one skilled in the art.

The nucleic acids according to the present invention are characterizedby a certain Kd value. Preferably, the Kd value shown by the nucleicacids according to the present invention is below 1 μM. A Kd value ofabout 1 μM is said to be characteristic for a non-specific binding of anucleic acid to a target. As will be acknowledged by the ones in theart, the Kd value of a group of compounds such as the nucleic acidsaccording to the present invention are within a certain range. Theabove-mentioned Kd of about 1 μM is a preferred upper limit for the Kdvalue. The preferred lower limit for the Kd of target binding nucleicacids can be about 10 picomolar or higher. It is within the presentinvention that the Kd values of individual nucleic acids binding toghrelin is preferably within this range. Preferred ranges can be definedby choosing any first number within this range and any second numberwithin this range. Preferred upper values are 0.25 μM, 0.1 μM and 0.01μM, preferred lower values are 100 nM, 10 nM, 1 nM and 0.05 nM.

The nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention may haveany length provided that they are still able to bind to the targetmolecule, and discriminate bioactive ghrelin from non-bioactive ghrelin,i.e. preferably octanoyl-ghrelin from desoctanoyl-ghrelin. It will beacknowledged in the art that there are preferred lengths of the nucleicacids according to the present inventions. Typically, the length isbetween 15 and 120 nucleotides. It will be acknowledged by the onesskilled in the art that any integer between 15 and 120 is a possiblelength for the nucleic acids according to the present invention. Morepreferred ranges for the length of the nucleic acids according to thepresent invention are lengths of about 20 to 100 nucleotides, about 20to 80 nucleotides, about 20 to 60 nucleotides, about 20 to 50nucleotides and about 30 to 50 nucleotides.

It is within the present invention that the nucleic acids disclosedherein comprise a moiety which preferably is a high molecular weightmoiety and/or which preferably allows to modify the characteristics ofthe nucleic acid in terms of, among others, residence time in the animalbody, preferably the human body. A particularly preferred embodiment ofsuch modification is PEGylation and HESylation of the nucleic acidsaccording to the present invention. As used herein PEG stands forpoly(ethylene glycol) and HES for hydroxyethyl starch. PEGylation aspreferably used herein is the modification of a nucleic acid accordingto the present invention whereby such modification consists of a PEGmoiety which is attached to a nucleic acid according to the presentinvention. HESylation as preferably used herein is the modification of anucleic acid according to the present invention whereby suchmodification consists of a HES moiety which is attached to a nucleicacid according to the present invention. These modifications as well asthe process of modifying a nucleic acid using such modifications, isdescribed in European patent application EP 1 306 382, the disclosure ofwhich is herewith incorporated in its entirety by reference.

Preferably, the molecular weight of a modification consisting of orcomprising a high molecular weight moiety is about from 2,000 to 200,000Da, preferably 40,000 to 120,000 Da, particularly in case of PEG beingsuch high molecular weight moiety, and is preferably about from 3,000 to100,000 Da, more preferably from 5,000 to 60,000 Da, particularly incase of HES being such high molecular weight moiety. The process of HESmodification is, e.g., described in German patent application DE 1 2004006 249.8 the disclosure of which is herewith incorporated in itsentirety by reference.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it seems that by modifyingthe nucleic acids according to the present invention with high molecularweight moiety such as a polymer and more particularly the polymersdisclosed herein, which are preferably physiologically acceptable, theexcretion kinetic is changed. More particularly, it seems that due tothe increased molecular weight of such modified inventive nucleic acidsand due to the nucleic acids not being subject to metabolismparticularly when in the L form, excretion from an animal body,preferably from a mammalian body and more preferably from a human bodyis decreased. As excretion typically occurs via the kidneys, the presentinventors assume that the glomerular filtration rate of the thusmodified nucleic acid is significantly reduced compared to the nucleicacids not having this kind of high molecular weight modification whichresults in an increase in the residence time in the body. In connectiontherewith it is particularly noteworthy that, despite such highmolecular weight modification the specificity of the nucleic acidaccording to the present invention is not affected in a detrimentalmanner. Insofar, the nucleic acids according to the present inventionhave surprising characteristics which normally cannot be expected frompharmaceutically active compounds—such that a pharmaceutical formulationproviding for a sustained release is not necessarily required to providefor a sustained release. Rather the nucleic acids according to thepresent invention in their modified form comprising a high molecularweight moiety, can as such already be used as a sustainedrelease-formulation.

However, it is also within the present invention that the nucleic acidsdisclosed herein do not comprise any modification and particularly nohigh molecular weight modification such as PEGylation or HESylation.Such embodiment is particularly preferred when a fast clearance of thenucleic acids from the body after administration is desired. Such fastclearance might be desired in case of in vivo imaging or temporaryappetite suppression using the nucleic acids or medicaments comprisingthe same, according to the present invention.

The inventive nucleic acids, which are also referred to herein as thenucleic acids according to the present invention, and/or the antagonistsaccording to the present invention may be used for the generation ormanufacture of a medicament. Such medicament contains at least one ofthe inventive nucleic acids, optionally together with furtherpharmaceutically active compounds, whereby the inventive nucleic acidpreferably acts as pharmaceutically active compound itself. Suchmedicaments comprise in preferred embodiments at least apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such carrier may be, e.g., water,buffer, PBS, glucose solution, preferably a 5% glucose salt balancedsolution, starch, sugar, gelatine or any other acceptable carriersubstance. Such carriers are generally known to the one skilled in theart.

In a further embodiment, the medicament comprises a furtherpharmaceutically active agent. Such further pharmaceutically activecompounds can be those known to reduce appetite and are preferablyselected from the group comprising PYY3-45, CCK, Leptin, and Insulin.

Alternatively, or additionally, such further pharmaceutically activeagent is a further nucleic acid according to the present invention.Alternatively, the medicament comprises at least one more nucleic acidwhich binds to a target molecule different from ghrelin or exhibits afunction which is different from the one of the nucleic acids accordingto the present invention. In an embodiment, such nucleic acid is bindingto a ghrelin lacking the octanoyl acid moiety.

Disease and/or disorders and/or diseased conditions for the treatmentand/or prevention of which such medicament may be used include, but arenot limited to obesity, the regulation of energy balance, appetite andbody weight, eating disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes,glucose metabolism, tumour, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases,acromegaly and other GH imbalances. As will be acknowledged by the onesof the art the inventive nucleic acids may factually be used in anydisease where an antagonist to ghrelin can be administered to a patientin need of such antagonist and such antagonist is suitable to eliminatethe cause of the disease or the disorder or at least to reduce theeffects from the disease or the disorder. Such effect includes, but isnot limited to obesity, the regulation of energy balance, appetite andbody weight, eating disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes,glucose metabolism, tumour treatment, blood pressure, cardiovasculardiseases, acromegaly and other GH imbalances. The applicability of thenucleic acids according to the present invention in connection withthese and other diseases or disorders results, among others, from theinvolvement of ghrelin as outlined in the introductory part of thepresent specification. For the purpose of the present inventionregulation of energy balance is regarded as a disease. Moreparticularly, the use is for the treatment of any disease where theregulation of the energy balance is influenced by ghrelin, eitherdirectly or indirectly, and whereby reduction of the bioavailability ofghrelin is desired. The same applies to sugar metabolism, blood pressureand appetite and body weight. Further disease which may be treated usingthe nucleic acids according to the present invention, possibly uponsystemic or local application are those which can be selected from thegroup comprising pituitary tumors, acromegaly, central Cushing'ssyndrome, adrenal Cushing's syndrome, paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome,ectopic Cushing's syndrome, adrenal tumor, stress, hypercortisolism,cardiac insufficiency, cardiac infarction, stroke, adrenocorticalinsufficiency, hypotonia, aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertonia,constrictive pericarditis, infectious diseases, infectious toxichypotonia, hypovolemia, and hyponatremia.

As used herein, the term gastrointestinal disease which can be treatedusing the nucleic acids according to the present invention, comprisesstomach diseases and disorders, bowel diseases and disorders, colondisorders and diseases and modulation of gastric and colonic motility.In a preferred embodiment, the term bowel disorders and bowel diseasescomprises inflammatory bowel diseases. More preferred inflammatory boweldiseases are ulcerative colitits and Crohn's disease. The suitability ofthe nucleic acids according to the present invention for the treatmentof this kind of diseases arises from the involvement of ghrelin in suchdiseases as described in Karmiris K et al. (Karmiris K, Koutroubakis IE, Xidakis C, Polychronaki M, Voudouri T, Kouroumalis E A. Circulatinglevels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in inflammatorybowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 February; 12(2):100-5), Tebbe J Jet al. (Tebbe J J, Mronga S, Tebbe C G, Ortmann E, Arnold R, Schafer MK. Ghrelin-induced stimulation of colonic propulsion is dependent onhypothalamic neuropeptide Y1- and corticotrophin-releasing factor 1receptor activation. J Neuroendocrinol. 2005 September; 17(9):570-6) andFukuda H. et al. (Fukuda H, Mizuta Y, Isomoto H, Takeshima F, Ohnita K,Ohba K, Omagari K, Taniyama K, Kohno S. Ghrelin enhances gastricmotility through direct stimulation of intrinsic neural pathways andcapsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones in rats. Scand J. Gastroenterol.2004 December; 39(12):1209-14).

The publication of Kobelt et al. (Kobelt P, Helmling S, Stengel A,Wlotzka B, Andresen V, Klapp B F, Wiedenmann B, Klussmann S, Monnikes H.Anti-ghrelin SPIEGELMER NOX-B11 inhibits neurostimulatory and orexigeniceffects of peripheral ghrelin in rats. Gut. 2005 Jun. 30, Epub ahead ofprint) reports a dose-dependant reduction on short-term food intakeinduced by peripheral ghrelin upon administration of anti-ghrelinSpiegelmer NOX-B11. More specifically, in the positive control grouptreatment with PBS and 3 nmol ghrelin (vehicle/ghrelin group)significantly increased food intake within the first half hour followingintraperitoneal injection (4.94±0.63 g/kg-BW) compared to thevehicle/vehicle group (1.13±0.59 g/kg-BW, p<0.0002) (FIG. 2A of Kobeltet al., supra). Pretreatment with 30 nmol of Spiegelmer NOX-B11(=SOT-C=B11trc) blocked the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on food intake(0.58±0.58 g/kg-BW, p<0.0001) (FIG. 2A of Kobelt et al., supra). Incontrast, administration of a control Spiegelmer consisting of a randomsequence had no such inhibitory effect, leaving the ghrelin-inducedstimulation on food intake intact (4.77±0.66 g/kg-BW; p>0.864) (FIG. 2Aof Kobelt et al., supra).

The inhibitory effect of NOX-B11 (=SOT-C=B11trc) on food intake provedto be strictly dose-dependent. A dose of 1 nmol of Spiegelmer NOX-B11(=SOT-C=B11trc) had no effect on ghrelin's stimulation of food intake(FIG. 2A of Kobelt et al., supra). An intermediate effect was observedfor a dose of 10 nmol of NOX-B11(=SOT-C=B11trc): At this dose level thestimulatory effect of 3 nmol ghrelin during the first 30 minutes wasmoderated (3.51±0.66 g/kg-BW vs. 4.94±0.63 g/kg-BW p>0.159 vs ghrelinalone) (FIG. 2A of Kobelt et al., supra).

The publication of Shearman et al. (Shearman L P, Wang S P, Helmling S,Stribling D S, Mazur P, Ge L, Wang L, Klussmann S, Macintyre D E, HowardA D, Strack A M. Ghrelin Neutralisation by a Ribonucleic Acid-SPMAmeliorates Obesity in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.; Endocrinology. 2006March; 147(3):1517-26. Epub 2005 Dec. 8) reports a reduction in bodyweight and decrease in food intake upon administration of anti-ghrelinSpiegelmer NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) in Diet-induced Obese (DIO) mice. Morespecifically, NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) infusion evoked weight loss comparedto controls (see FIG. 4A of Shearman et al., supra). Significant bodyweight loss was observed with NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) infusion on days 1through 10 and on day 12 compared to vehicle treated mice; on days 1through 13 compared to the control Spiegelmer (control SPM) infusedgroup (P<0.05 vs. vehicle or Control SPM). By day 13, NOX-B11-2 infusedmice gained an average of 0.32 g of body weight while those receivingcontrol Spiegelmer gained an average of 1.85 g, and those receivingvehicle gained an average of 0.91 g. Also, NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109)infusion decreased food intake significantly (see FIG. 4B of Shearman etal., supra). Significant effects on cumulative food intake were observedon days 1-8 as compared to the vehicle group and on days 1-13 ascompared to the control Spiegelmer group (39.33 g vs. 42.61 g on day 13;p<0.05) (FIG. 4C of Shearman et al., supra). Additionally, feedefficiency (weight gain per kcal ingested) which indicates howefficiently the food energy was used for accretion of body mass, wascalculated from days 1-5 and 6-13 (see FIG. 4D of Shearman et al.,supra). Feed efficiency was reduced by NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) infusion ondays 1-5 and this effect was not observed from days 6-13, suggestingthat the transient reduction in weight gain was not simply due toreduction in food intake. Additionally, treatment with NOX-B11-2(SOT-D-109) altered body composition of DIO mice (FIG. 4E of Shearman etal., supra). In contrast to no change in lean mass content, fat masscontent of NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) infused mice was decreased, even aftercorrection for total body weight (FIG. 4F of Shearman et al., supra).White adipose tissue depot weights were not altered by NOX-B11-2(SOT-D-109) infusion and control Spiegelmer infusion did not alter bodycomposition or white adipose tissue weights.

In chronic infusion studies with NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) using both DIOghrelin-deficient and wild-type mice, a significant body weight loss wasobserved upon NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) infusion in wild-type mice on days 1to 6 (see FIG. 5A of Shearman et al., supra). In contrast thereto,NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) did not alter body weight in Ghrl−/− mice (SeeFIG. 5B of Shearman et al., supra). Additionally, NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109)infusion reduced daily food intake on day 1 in wild-type mice (see FIG.5C of Shearman et al., supra). NOX-B11-2 (SOT-D-109) infusion did notalter food intake of Ghrl−/− mice (see FIG. 5D of Shearman et al.,supra).

It is within the present invention that the medicament is alternativelyor additionally used, in principle, for the prevention of any of thediseases disclosed in connection with the use of the medicament for thetreatment of said diseases. Respective markers therefor are selectedfrom the group comprising cardiovascular risk factors, such as forexample cholesterol and low aerobic activity and general factors thatnecessitate weight management.

The medicament according to the present invention can be administered,in principle, in any form known to the ones skilled in the art. Apreferred route of administration is systemic administration, morepreferably by injection. Alternatively, the medicament may beadministered locally. Other routes of administration compriseintramuscular, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous, per orum, orintranasal with preference given to the route of administration that isthe least invasive, while ensuring efficacy.

In a further aspect the present invention is related to a pharmaceuticalcomposition. Such pharmaceutical composition comprises at least one ofthe nucleic acids according to the present invention and preferably apharmaceutically acceptable binder. Such binder can be any binder usedand/or known in the art. More particularly such binder is any binder asdiscussed in connection with the manufacture of the medicament disclosedherein. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositioncomprises a further pharmaceutically active agent.

It is within the present invention that the medicament as describedherein constitutes the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

In a further aspect the present invention is related to a method for thetreatment of a subject who is need of such treatment, whereby the methodcomprises the administration of a pharmaceutically active amount of atleast one of the nucleic acids according to the present invention. In anembodiment, the subject suffers from a disease or is in risk to developsuch disease, whereby the disease is any of those disclosed herein,particularly any of those diseases disclosed in connection with the useof any of the nucleic acids according to the present invention for themanufacture of a medicament.

It is to be understood that the nucleic acid as well as the antagonistsaccording to the present invention can be used not only as a medicamentor for the manufacture of a medicament, but also for cosmetic purposes,particularly with regard to the involvement of ghrelin in obesity. Forthe same purpose and/or for the same reasons the nucleic acid as well asthe antagonists according to the present invention can be used as a foodadditive, a means for weight control, a means for appetite controland/or as diagnostic. A composition comprising the nucleic acid as wellas the antagonists according to the present invention can be used forany of the aforementioned purposes.

As preferably used herein a diagnostic or diagnostic agent or diagnosticmeans is suitable to detect, either directly or indirectly ghrelin,preferably ghrelin as described herein and more preferably ghrelin asdescribed herein in connection with the various disorders and diseasesdescribed herein. The diagnostic is suitable for the detection and/orfollow-up of any of the disorders and diseases, respectively, describedherein. Such detection is possible through the binding of the nucleicacids according to the present invention to ghrelin. Such binding can beeither directly or indirectly be detected. The respective methods andmeans are known to the ones skilled in the art. Among others, thenucleic acids according to the present invention may comprise a labelwhich allows the detection of the nucleic acids according to the presentinvention, preferably the nucleic acid bound to ghrelin. Such a label ispreferably selected from the group comprising radioactive, enzymatic andfluorescent labels. In principle, all known assays developed forantibodies can be adopted for the nucleic acids according to the presentinvention whereas the target-binding antibody is substituted to atarget-binding nucleic acid. In antibody-assays using unlabeledtarget-binding antibodies the detection is preferably done by ansecondary antibody which is modified with radioactive, enzymatic andfluorescent labels and bind to the target-binding antibody at itsFc-fragment. In the case of a nucleic acid, preferably a nucleic acidaccording to the present invention, the nucleic acid is modified withsuch a label, whereby preferably such a label is selected from the groupcomprising biotin, Cy-3 and Cy-5, and such label is detected by anantibody directed against such label, e.g. an anti-biotin antibody, ananti-Cy3 antibody or an anti-Cy5 antibody, or—in the case that the labelis biotin—the label is detected by streptavidin or avidin whichnaturally bind to biotin. Such antibody, streptavidin or avidin in turnis preferably modified with a respective label, e.g. a radioactive,enzymatic or fluorescent label (like an secondary antibody).

In a further embodiment the nucleic acid molecules according to theinvention are detected or analysed by a second detection means, whereinthe said detection means is a molecular beacon. The methodology ofmolecular beacon is known to persons skilled in the art. In brief,nucleic acids probes which are also referred to as molecular beacons,are a reverse complement to the nucleic acids sample to be detected andhybridise because of this to a part of the nucleic acid sample to bedetected. Upon binding to the nucleic acid sample the fluorophoricgroups of the molecular beacon are separated which results in a changeof the fluorescence signal, preferably a change in intensity. Thischange correlates with the amount of nucleic acids sample present.

The assays for discrimination of bioactive and non-bioactive ghrelinaccording to the present invention may be performed using standardtechniques as known by persons skilled in the art. It is to beunderstood that such assays can also be used for the detection ofghrelin and preferably bioactive ghrelin as will be outlined in thefollowing.

It will be acknowledged that the detection of ghrelin using the nucleicacids according to the present invention will particularly allow thedetection of bioactive ghrelin as defined herein. Additionally, thebioactive ghrelin can be detected apart and thus be discriminated thedes-octanoyl ghrelin by, among others, the following procedure, wherebyother procedures will be obvious for the one skilled in the art.

In connection with the detection of the bioactive ghrelin a preferredmethod comprises the following steps:

-   -   (a) providing a sample which is to be tested for the presence of        bioactive ghrelin,    -   (b) providing a nucleic acid according to the present invention,    -   (c) reacting the sample with the nucleic acid, preferably in a        reaction vessel        whereby step (a) can be performed prior to step (b), or step (b)        can be preformed prior to step (a).

In a preferred embodiment a further step d) is provided, which consistsin the detection of the reaction of the sample with the nucleic acid.Preferably, the nucleic acid of step b) is immobilised to a surface. Thesurface may be the surface of a reaction vessel such as a reaction tube,a well of a plate, or the surface of a device contained in such reactionvessel such as, for example, a bead. The immobilisation of the nucleicacid to the surface can be made by any means known to the ones skilledin the art including, but not limited to, non-covalent or covalentlinkages. Preferably, the linkage is established via a covalent chemicalbond between the surface and the nucleic acid. However, it is alsowithin the present invention that the nucleic acid is indirectlyimmobilised to a surface, whereby such indirect immobilisation involvesthe use of a further component or a pair of interaction partners. Suchfurther component is preferably a compound which specifically interactswith the nucleic acid to be immobilised which is also referred to asinteraction partner, and thus mediates the attachment of the nucleicacid to the surface. The interaction partner is preferably selected fromthe group comprising nucleic acids, polypeptides, proteins andantibodies. Preferably, the interaction partner is an antibody, morepreferably a monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, the interaction partneris a nucleic acid, preferably a functional nucleic acid. More preferablysuch functional nucleic acid is selected from the group comprisingaptamers, spiegelmers, and nucleic acids which are at least partiallycomplementary to the nucleic acid. In a further alternative embodiment,the binding of the nucleic acid to the surface is mediated by amulti-partite interaction partner. Such multi-partite interactionpartner is preferably a pair of interaction partners or an interactionpartner consisting of a first member and a second member, whereby thefirst member is comprised by or attached to the nucleic acid and thesecond member is attached to or comprised by the surface. Themulti-partite interaction partner is preferably selected from the groupof pairs of interaction partners comprising biotin and avidin, biotinand streptavidin, and biotin and neutravidin. Preferably, the firstmember of the pair of interaction partners is biotin.

A preferred result of such method is the formation of an immobilisedcomplex of bioactive ghrelin and the nucleic acid, whereby morepreferably said complex is detected. It is within an embodiment thatfrom the complex the bioactive ghrelin is detected. More preferably, thebioactive ghrelin is detected by a detection means which is specific forbioactive ghrelin. In a particularly preferred embodiment the bioactiveghrelin is detected by a detection means which detects both bioactiveghrelin and non-bioactive ghrelin.

A respective detection means which is in compliance with thisrequirement is, for example, any detection means which is specific forthat/those part(s) of the ghrelin which is identical in both thebioactive ghrelin and the des-octanoyl ghrelin. Preferably, suchdetection means thus binds to the C-terminal end of the ghrelin, or atleast is not binding to the domain formed by the N-terminus and then-octanoyl side chain. A particularly preferred detection means is adetection means which is selected from the group comprising nucleicacids, polypeptides, proteins and antibodies, the generation of which isknown to the ones skilled in the art.

The method for the detection of ghrelin also comprises that the sampleis removed from the reaction vessel which has preferably been used toperform step c).

The method comprises in a further embodiment also the step ofimmobilising an interaction partner of bioactive and/or des-octanoylghrelin on a surface, preferably a surface as defined above, whereby theinteraction partner is defined as herein and preferably as above inconnection with the respective method and more preferably comprisesnucleic acids, polypeptides, proteins and antibodies in their variousembodiments. In this embodiment, a particularly preferred detectionmeans is a nucleic acid according to the present invention, whereby suchnucleic acid may preferably be labelled or non-labelled. In case suchnucleic acid is labelled it can be directly or indirectly be detected.Such detection may also involve the use of a second detection meanswhich is, preferably, also selected from the group comprising nucleicacids, polypeptides, proteins and embodiments in the various embodimentsdescribed herein. Such detection means are preferably specific for thenucleic acid according to the present invention. In a more preferredembodiment, the second detection means is a molecular beacon. Either thenucleic acid or the second detection means or both may comprise in apreferred embodiment a detection label. The detection label ispreferably selected from the group comprising biotin, abromo-desoxyuridine label, a digoxigenin label, a fluorescence label, aUV-label, a radio-label, and a chelator molecule.

Alternatively, the second detection means interacts with the detectionlabel which is preferably contained by, comprised by or attached to thenucleic acid. Particularly preferred combinations are as follows:

-   -   the detection label is biotin and the second detection means is        an antibody directed against biotin, or wherein    -   the detection label is biotin and the second detection means is        an avidin or an avidin carrying molecule, or wherein    -   the detection label is biotin and the second detection means is        a streptavidin or a streptavidin carrying molecule, or wherein    -   the detection label is biotin and the second detection means is        a neutravidin or a neutravidin carrying molecule, or    -   wherein the detection label is a bromo-desoxyuridine and the        second detection means is an antibody directed against        bromo-desoxyuridine, or wherein    -   the detection label is a digoxigenin and the second detection        means is an antibody directed against digoxigenin, or    -   wherein the detection label is a chelator and the second        detection means is a radio-nuclide, whereby it is preferred that        said detection label is attached to the nucleic acid. It is to        be acknowledged that this kind of combination is also applicable        to the embodiment where the nucleic acid is attached to the        surface. In such embodiment it is preferred that the detection        label is attached to the interaction partner.

Finally, it is also within the present invention that the seconddetection means is detected using a third detection means, preferablythe third detection means is an enzyme, more preferably showing anenzymatic reaction upon detection of the second detection means, or thethird detection means is a means for detecting radiation, morepreferably radiation emitted by a radio-nuclide. Preferably, the thirddetection means is specifically detecting and/or interacting with thesecond detection means.

Also in the embodiment with an interaction partner of bioactive and/ordes-octanoyl ghrelin being immobilised on a surface and the nucleic acidaccording to the present invention is preferably added to the complexformed between the interaction partner and the ghrelin, the sample canbe removed from the reaction, more preferably from the reaction vesselwhere step c) and/or d) are preformed.

In an embodiment the nucleic acid according to the present inventioncomprises a fluorescence moiety and whereby the fluorescence of thefluorescence moiety is different upon complex formation between thenucleic acid and bioactive ghrelin and free bioactive ghrelin.

In a further embodiment the nucleic acid is a derivative of the nucleicacid according to the present invention, whereby the derivative of thenucleic acid comprises at least one fluorescent derivative of adenosinereplacing adenosine. In a preferred embodiment the fluorescentderivative of adenosine is ethenoadenosine.

In a further embodiment the complex consisting of the derivative of thenucleic acid according to the present invention and the bioactiveghrelin is detected using fluorescence.

In an embodiment of the method a signal is created in step (c) or step(d) and preferably the signal is correlated with the concentration ofbioreactive ghrelin in the sample.

In a preferred aspect, the assays may be performed in 96-well plates,where components are immobilized in the reaction vessels as describedabove and the wells acting as reaction vessels.

The above sequence of reaction steps and the various embodimentsdescribed in connection therewith are, in principle, suitable to detectboth bioactive ghrelin, i.e. octanoyl ghrelin and more preferablyn-octanoyl ghrelin, and des-octanoyl ghrelin. This is possible under theproviso that for the detection of bioactive ghrelin, at least one of theinteraction partners and the nucleic acid according to the presentinvention is suitable to specifically detect the bioactive ghrelin. Inprinciple, it is sufficient that the nucleic acid according to thepresent invention which is specific for bioactive ghrelin, is used. Thereadout of this kind of method specifying the amount of ghrelincontained in a sample can as such be used as the result of an analysisfor bioactive ghrelin. However, the result may also be used in a methodfor determining the overall content of ghrelin, preferably bothbioactive ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin. For such purpose, a methodpreferably identical to the above is performed which uses eitherdetection means or interaction partners specific for des-octanoylghrelin or suitable to detect both bioactive and des-octanoyl ghrelin,i.e. the overall ghrelin content or the amount thereof. If saidinteraction partner or means is suitable to detect any ghrelin,regardless whether it is bioactive ghrelin or des-octanoyl ghrelin, theoverall amount of ghrelin contained in the sample can be calculated bythe readout of such method allowing to determine the percentage ofbioactive ghrelin in the sample by quotient formation of the valueobtained for bioactive ghrelin and the overall ghrelin content. In afurther embodiment, the method is used to specifically detectdes-octanoyl ghrelin. Such des-octanoyl ghrelin can, for example, bedetected by detection means or interaction partners which are specificfor the des-octanoyl ghrelin, such as by being directed to theC-terminus or the N-terminus of ghrelin lacking the n-octanoyl moiety.The amount of ghrelin thus determined, i.e. the amount of des-octanoylghrelin can then be added to the amount of bioactive ghrelin giving theoverall content of ghrelin in the sample.

The inventive nucleic acid may further be used as starting material fordrug design. Basically there are two possible approaches. One approachis the screening of compound libraries whereas such compound librariesare preferably low molecular weight compound libraries. In anembodiment, the screening is a high throughput screening. Preferably,high throughput screening is the fast, efficient, trial-and-errorevaluation of compounds in a target based assay. In best case theanalysis are carried by a colorimetric measurement. Libraries as used inconnection therewith are known to the one skilled in the art.

Alternatively, the nucleic acid according to the present invention maybe used for rational design of drugs. Preferably, rational drug designis the design of a pharmaceutical lead structure. Starting from the3-dimensional structure of the target which is typically identified bymethods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy, computer programs are used to search through databasescontaining structures of many different chemical compounds. Theselection is done by a computer, the identified compounds cansubsequently be tested in the laboratory.

The rational design of drugs may start from any of the nucleic acidaccording to the present invention and involves a structure, preferablya three dimensional structure, which is similar to the structure of theinventive nucleic acids or identical to the binding mediating parts ofthe structure of the inventive nucleic acids. In any case such structurestill shows the same or a similar binding characteristic as theinventive nucleic acids. In either a further step or as an alternativestep in the rational design of drugs the preferably three dimensionalstructure of those parts of the nucleic acids binding to theneurotransmitter are mimicked by chemical groups which are differentfrom nucleotides and nucleic acids. By this mimicry a compound differentfrom the nucleic acids can be designed. Such compound is preferably asmall molecule or a peptide.

In case of screening of compound libraries, such as by using acompetitive assay which are known to the one skilled in the arts,appropriate ghrelin analogues, ghrelin agonists or ghrelin antagonistsmay be found. Such competitive assays may be set up as follows. Theinventive nucleic acid, preferably a spiegelmer which is a targetbinding L-nucleic acid, is coupled to a solid phase. In order toidentify ghrelin analogues labelled ghrelin may be added to the assay. Apotential analogue would compete with the ghrelin molecules binding tothe spiegelmer which would go along with a decrease in the signalobtained by the respective label. Screening for agonists or antagonistsmay involve the use of a cell culture assay as known to the ones skilledin the art.

The kit according to the present invention may comprise at least one orseveral of the inventive nucleic acids. Additionally, the kit maycomprise at least one or several positive or negative controls. Apositive control may, for example, be ghrelin, particularly the oneagainst which the inventive nucleic acid is selected or to which itbinds, preferably, in liquid form. A negative control may, e.g., be apeptide which is defined in terms of biophysical properties similar toghrelin, but which is not recognized by the inventive nucleic acids.Furthermore, said kit may comprise one or several buffers. The variousingredients may be contained in the kit in dried or lyophilised form orsolved in a liquid. The kit may comprise one or several containers whichin turn may contain one or several ingredients of the kit. In a furtherembodiment, the kit comprises an instruction or instruction leafletwhich provides to the user information on how to use the kit and itsvarious ingredients.

As preferably used herein, the term treatment comprises in a preferredembodiment additionally or alternatively prevention and/or follow-up.

As preferably used herein, the terms disease and disorder shall be usedin an interchangeable manner, if not indicated to the contrary.

As used herein, the term comprise is preferably not intended to limitthe subject matter followed or described by such term. However, in analternative embodiment the term comprises shall be understood in themeaning of containing and thus as limiting the subject matter followedor described by such term.

The various SEQ. ID. Nos., the chemical nature of the nucleic acidmolecules according to the present invention and the target moleculesghrelin as used herein, the actual sequence thereof and the internalreference number is summarized in the following table.

TABLE 1 Seq.-ID RNA/Peptide Sequence Internal Reference (A)  1 L-peptideGSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR human ghrelin  2 L-peptideGSSFLSPEHQKAQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR rat ghrelin  3 L-RNAUAAX₁X₂CCGAAX₃GUAX₄CCAUUCCUX₅C whereby X₁ = G or A; X₂ = A or U; X₃ =G or A; X₄ = A or C or U; and X₅ = G or A  4 L-RNAUAAGACCGAAGGUACCCAAUCCUAC preferable sequence of Seq. ID 3  5 L-RNAGGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAAGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUAUACGGU MS-P2-E3 GAGGCAGCAC  6L-RNA GGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACAGU MS-P2-G2 GAGGCAGCAC 7 L-RNA GGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGU MS-P2-D2GAGGCAGCAC  8 L-RNA GGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUAUCGUAUCUAUGGUMS-P2-A3 GAGGCAGCAC  9 L-RNAGGGUAUGCAUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGU MS-P2-E1 GAGGCAGCAC 10L-RNA GGGUAUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGU MS-P2-B1 GAGGCAGCAC11 L-RNA GGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGU MS-P2-F1GAGGCAGCAC 12 L-RNA GGGUGUAUGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCAUAUCUACGGUMS-P2-C3 GAGGCAGCAC 13 L-RNAGGGUGUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCAUAUCUACGGU MS-P2-C2 GAGGCAGCAC 14L-RNA GGGUGUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUAUCAUAUCUACGGU MS-P2-H2 GAGGCAGCAC15 L-RNA GGGUGUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUACCCAAUCCUACCUACUAACUGGU MS-P2-A4GAGGCAGCAC (B) 16 L-RNA GGGUGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUACCCAAUCCUACCUUUCCUGAGGUGMS-P2-B2 AGGCAGCAC 17 L-RNAGGGUGCUGUGAGGCAAAAAAGUAAGUCCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUAC MS-P2-A2 AGCAC 18 L-RNAGGGUGCUGUGAGGCAAUGCGUAAGUCCGAAGGUAUCCAAUCCUGCA MS-P3-H3 GCAC 19 L-RNAGGGUGUUGUGAGGCAAUAAGUAAGUCCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUGCA MS-P2-D1 GCAC 20 L-RNACGUGUGAGGCAAUAAAACUUAAGUCCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACAC SOT-C (B11trc = NOX- GB11) 21 L-RNA CGUGUGAGGUAGUAAAAAAAAAAAAACGUAAAUCCGAAGGUAACCA F12AUCCUACACG 22 L-RNA CGUGCGGUGAGGCAAAAACGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCSOT-D (C12) CACG 23 L-RNA CGUGCGGUGAGGCAGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCCASOT-D-000 CG 24 L-RNA CGGUGAGGCAGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGSOT-D-100 25 L-RNA CGGUGAGGCAGAUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCG SOT-D-101 26L-RNA CGGUGAGGCAAUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCG SOT-D-102 27 L-RNAGGUGAGGCAGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACC SOT-D-104 28 L-RNAGGUAGGCAGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACC SOT-D-106 29 L-RNACCGGUGAGGCAGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGG SOT-D-108 30 & 74 L-RNACCGGUGAGGCA---S---GUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGG SOT-D-109 (NOX-B11- 2)31 & 75 L-RNA CCGGUGAGGCAG---S---UAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGG SOT-D-11032 & 76 L-RNA CCGGUGAGGC---S---CGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGG SOT-D-11133 L-RNA GGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUSOT-E or MS-P2-F1 GAGGCAGCAC (C) 34 & 77 L-RNAGGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACC---S---- SOT-E-02 GGUGAGGCAGCAC 35L-RNA CGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUGAGGCAG SOT-E-09 CAC36 & 78 L-RNA GGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCG--S--- SOT-E-11CGGUGAGGCAGCAC 37 L-RNA GGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUSOT-E-12 GAGGCAGC 38 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUGAGGCA SOT-E-14 GCAC 39 & 79L-RNA GCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCG--S--- SOT-E-19 CGGUGAGGCAGCAC40 & 80 L-RNA CGGUGAGGCAGCAC---S- SOT-E-21GCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCG 41 & 81 L-RNACGGUGAGGCAGC---S-GCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCG SOT-E-25 42 & 82 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCG--S---CGGUGAGGCAGC SOT-E-33 43 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUGAGGCA SOT-E-19-L GCAC 44 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGAAACGGUGAGGCAGCA SOT-E-19-L1 C 45 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGAUACGGUGAGGCAGCA SOT-E-19-L2 C 46 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGACACGGUGAGGCAGCA SOT-E-19-L3 C 47 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGCAACGGUGAGGCAGCA SOT-E-19-L4 C 48 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGAUCUCGGUGAGGCAGC SOT-E-19-L5 AC 49 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUUUCGGUGAGGCAGCA SOT-E-19-L6 C 50 L-RNAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCGGUGAGGCAGCA SOT-E-19-L7 C 51 & 83L-RNA 5′-PEG-GCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCG--S--- SOT-E-19-5′-PEGCGGUGAGGCAGCAC 52 & 84 L-RNA 5′-PEG-CCGGUGAGGCA---S---SOT-D-109 (NOX-B11- GUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGG 2) (D) 53 D-peptideGSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR biotin. human D-ghrelin 54 D-RNAGGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAAGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUAUACGGUG MS-P2-E3 AGGCAGCAC 55D-RNA GGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACAGUG MS-P2-G2 AGGCAGCAC56 D-RNA GGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUG MS-P2-D2AGGCAGCAC 57 D-RNA GGGUAAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUAUCGUAUCUAUGGUGMS-P2-A3 AGGCAGCAC 58 D-RNAGGGUAUGCAUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUG MS-P2-E1 AGGCAGCAC 59D-RNA GGGUAUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUG MS-P2-B1 AGGCAGCAC60 D-RNA GGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUG MS-P2-F1AGGCAGCAC 61 D-RNA GGGUGUAUGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCAUAUCUACGGUGMS-P2-C3 AGGCAGCAC 62 D-RNAGGGUGUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCAUAUCUACGGUG MS-P2-C2 AGGCAGCAC 63D-RNA GGGUGUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUAUCAUAUCUACGGUG MS-P2-H2 AGGCAGCAC64 D-RNA GGGUGUGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUACCCAAUCCUACCUACUAACUGGUG MS-P2-A4AGGCAGCAC 65 D-RNA GGGUGACGUAAGACCGAAGGUACCCAAUCCUACCUUUCCUGAGGUGAMS-P2-B2 GGCAGCAC 66 D-RNAGGGUGCUGUGAGGCAAAAAAGUAAGUCCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACA MS-P2-A2 GCAC 67 D-RNAGGGUGCUGUGAGGCAAUGCGUAAGUCCGAAGGUAUCCAAUCCUGCAG MS-P3-H3 CAC 68 D-RNACGUGUGAGGCAAUAAAACUUAAGUCCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACACG SOT-C (B11trc = NOX-B11) 69 & 85 D-RNA CCGGUGAGGCA---S---GUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAUUCCUACCGGSOT-D-109 (NOX-B11- 2) 70 D-RNAGGGUGAGCGUAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACCGUAUCUACGGUG SOT-E or MS-P2-F1AGGCAGCAC 71 L-RNA 5′-PEG-UAAGGAAACUCGGUCUGAUGCGGUAGCGCUGUGCAGAGCUControl Spiegelmer 72 L-RNA 5′-biotin- biotinylated NOX-B11CGUGUGAGGCAAUAAAACUUAAGUCCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUACACG

The present invention is further illustrated by the figures, examplesand the sequence listing from which further features, embodiments andadvantages may be taken, wherein

FIG. 1 shows an alignment of sequences of RNA ligands binding to humanghrelin (SEQ ID NOS 5-19, respectively, in order of appearance);

FIG. 2 shows a competition assay of binding to ghrelin with truncatedaptamers versus the known sequence SOT-C (B11trc);

FIG. 3 shows an alignment of chosen sequences of RNA ligands, which werepublished in patent application WO 2004/013274 A2 (SEQ ID NOS 20, 23,22, and 21, respectively, in order of appearance);

FIG. 4 shows calculated secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-C (SEQ ID NO: 20), the secondary structure wascalculated with the program “RNAfold” (Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh.Chem 125:167-188);

FIG. 5 shows calculated secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-D-000 (SEQ ID NO: 23), the secondary structure wascalculated with the program “RNAfold” (Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh.Chem 125:167-188);

FIG. 6 shows calculated secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-D (SEQ ID NO: 22), the secondary structure wascalculated with the program “RNAfold” (Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh.Chem 125:167-188);

FIG. 7 shows calculated secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone F-12 (SEQ ID NO: 21), the secondary structure wascalculated with the program “RNAfold” (Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh.Chem 125:167-188);

FIG. 8 shows an alignment of SOT-D-000 derivates which are the result oftruncation and rational design experiments (SEQ ID NOS 23-29, 30 & 74,31 & 75, and 32 & 76, respectively, in order of appearance);

FIG. 9 shows a one-point measurement for the inhibition ofghrelin-induced Ca⁺⁺-release by Spiegelmers SOT-C, SOT-D-000 andvariants thereof at room temperature; cells were stimulated with 5 nMghrelin preincubated at room temperature with various amounts ofSpiegelmer SOT-C, SOT-D000 or a variant of D-000 the results show thepercentage of fluorescence signal normalized to the signal obtained withno Spiegelmer;

FIG. 10 shows a presumptive secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-D-109 (SEQ ID NOS 30 & 74, respectively, 5′ to 3′);

FIG. 11 shows a dose-response curve for the inhibition ofghrelin-induced Ca⁺⁺-release by Spiegelmers D-109 and 5′-PEGylated D-109at room temperature; cells were stimulated with 5 nM ghrelinpreincubated at room temperature with various amounts of SpiegelmerD-109 and 5′-PEGylated D-109; the results show the percentage offluorescence signal normalized to the signal obtained with noSpiegelmer; Spiegelmer D-109 and its modified versions were found toinhibit ghrelin-induced Ca⁺⁺-release with same IC₅₀;

FIG. 12 shows calculated secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNASpiegelmer clone SOT-E (SEQ ID NO: 33), the secondary structure wascalculated with the program “RNAfold” (Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh.Chem 125:167-188);

FIG. 13 shows binding analysis of truncated variants of SpiegelmersSOT-E tested by cell culture experiments;

FIG. 14 shows a presumptive secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNASpiegelmer SOT-E-19 (SEQ ID NOs:39 & 79, respectively, 5′ to 3′);

FIG. 15 shows a presumptive secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-E-21 (SEQ ID NOs:40 & 80, respectively, 5′ to 3′);

FIG. 16 shows a presumptive secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-E-33 (SEQ ID NOs:42 & 82, respectively, 5′ to 3′);

FIG. 17 shows a presumptive secondary structure of ghrelin binding RNAspiegelmer clone SOT-E-25 (SEQ ID NOs:41 & 81, respectively, 5′ to 3′);

FIG. 18 shows the Biacore 2000 sensorgrams indicating the K_(D) valuesof D-ghrelin binding RNA clones SOT-C and SOT-E;

FIG. 19 shows a dose-response curve for the inhibition ofghrelin-induced Ca⁺⁺-release by Spiegelmer SOT-E, SOT-E-19-5′-Amino,SOT-E-19-5′-PEG or SOT-D-109 at 37° C.; cells were stimulated with 2 nMhuman ghrelin preincubated at 37° C. with various amounts of SpiegelmerSOT-E, SOT-E-19-5′-Amino, SOT-E-19-5′-PEG or SOT-D-109; the results showthe percentage of fluorescence signal normalized to the signal obtainedwith no Spiegelmer; Spiegelmer SOT-E-19 and its modified versions werefound to inhibit ghrelin-induced Ca⁺⁺-release with an IC₅₀ of about 4nM;

FIG. 20A shows the definition of the sequence boxes which arecharacteristic for ghrelin binding Spiegelmers;

FIG. 20B one variant of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20C one variant of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 20D one variant of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 21 shows the sequences of SOT-D-109 (SEQ ID NOs:30 & 74,respectively, in order of appearance), SOT-E (SEQ ID NO:33), SOT-E-19(SEQ ID NOs:39 & 79, respectively, in order of appearance), SOT-E-21(SEQ ID NOs:80 & 40, respectively, in order of appearance), SOT-E-33(SEQ ID NOS 42 & 82, respectively, in order of appearance) and SOT-E-25(SEQ ID NOs:81 & 41, respectively, in order of appearance);

FIG. 22 shows the inhibition of growth hormone release after exogenousghrelin administration by anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer SOT-E19-5′-PEG;

FIG. 23 shows an overview of different derivatives of SOT-E-19 (SEQ IDNOs:33, 39 & 79, and 43-50, respectively, in order of appearance) whichcomprise additional nucleotides instead of the internal linker, and theobserved IC₅₀ value expressed in nM;

FIG. 24 shows the result of a cellular competition assay withoctanoyl-ghrelin, des-octanoyl-ghrelin, and Spiegelmer SOT-E-19, withcombinations and concentrations of the components summarized below thebars;

FIG. 25 shows a standard curve of absorbance versus human ghrelin(octanoylated) concentration recorded by an EIA type detection assaywhereas the ghrelin-binding Spiegelmer NOX-B11 was used to immobilizehuman ghrelin (octanoylated) thus allowing the quantification of humanghrelin (octanoylated);

FIG. 26 A-D shows various steps of method for quantification ofoctanoyl-ghrelin using a ghrelin binding nucleic acid according to thepresent invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Ghrelin Binding Sequences

If not explicitly indicated to the contrary, the ghrelin used throughoutthese examples was ghrelin in its octanoylated form.

Using a technology derived from the one described in DE 10349441.3 anRNA in vitro selection directed to biotinylated human D-ghrelin wascarried out. An enriched population of dsDNA molecules was cloned andsequenced. The result of the sequence analysis can be seen in FIG. 1.

All sequences comprise the Ghrelin-binding motif A (25 nucleotides) ofthe known Ghrelin-binding sequence SOT-C (B11trc; see patent applicationWO2004/013274 A2). Only in four out of these 23 clones motif A is ratherlocated at the 3′-end of the sequence. Within 19 sequences motif A islocated at the 5′-end of the clones. Additionally motif called motif Dis located at the 3′-end of motif A.

Binding Characteristics of the Sequences

The 15 clones (FIG. 1) showing variations at different positions werechosen for ranking experiments at 37° C. using the “competition assay”described in Example 2. As reference, the radiolabelled aptamer SOT-C(B11trc) was used. Several candidates were binding stronger to D-ghrelinthan SOT-C (B11trc), showing either a lower K_(D) or a higher amount ofthe active conformation which can not be differentiated within the“competition assay”. The clones MS-P2-G2, MS-P2-D2, MS-P2-A2, MS-P2-H3seemed to have a better binding than the control clone SOT-C (B11trc),the clones MS-P2-E1, MS-P2-B1, MS-P2-F1, MS-P2-C3, MS-P2-C2, MS-P2-A4and MS-P2-B2 showed much better binding. Similar binding results incomparison to SOT-C (B11trc) could be determined for the clonesMS-P2-E3, MS-P2-A3, MS-P2-H2, and MS-P2-D1 (FIG. 2; the evaluation seeFIG. 1). Therefore the best clones were tested for their activity asaptamers in the equilibrium assay and as Spiegelmers in a cell cultureassay at 37° C. (protocols see Example 2). The results are summarized inFIG. 1. The clones MS-P2-D2, MS-P2-F1, MS-P2-C2, MS-P2-A4 and MS-P2-B2were measured at 37° C. in the equilibrium assay with an K_(D) of 22-34nM (appr. 60% active molecules) and IC₅₀ values of 3.0-8.0 nM could bedetected in cell culture experiments at 37° C. In comparison, the IC₅₀of SOT-C (B11trc) was detected with 20 nM at 37° C. and the K_(D) wasdetermined with 100 nM (47% active molecules) at 37° C. (As described inpatent application WO2004/013274 A2 the IC₅₀ of SOT-C at roomtemperature is approximately 5 nM). The results indicates, that thebiological activity of the Spiegelmers MS-P2-F1, MS-P2-C2 and MS-P2-D2may even approximately five-fold be better than SOT-C (B11trc) at 37° C.For continuative truncation experiments clone MS-P2-F1 (IC₅₀ of 4.0 nM)was chosen (secondary structure prediction, see FIG. 12).

It is to be understood that any of the sequences shown in FIG. 1. arenucleic acids according to the present invention, including thosetruncated forms thereof which, however, are still capable of binding tothe target.

EXAMPLE 2 Binding Characterization of the Sequences 2.1 Ranking ofRadiolabeled Aptamers by Using the “Equilibrium Binding Assay”

Most of the clones that are disclosed herein and that are moreparticularly listed in FIG. 1 were ranked as radiolabeled aptamers(D-RNA) in respect of their binding behaviour towards biotinylated humanD-ghrelin by using the “equilibrium binding assay”.

A ranking of the binding behaviour of the molecules towards humanD-ghrelin was done. For this purpose, using standard protocols asdescribed herein the identified aptamers were synthesized as truncatedaptamers (without primer binding sites) as depicted in FIG. 1.

In the following the aptamer sequences were radiolabeled at the 5′-endwith γ-P³²-ATP using the following protocol.

Component [final] Oligonucleotide 5 μM T4 Forward Reaction Buffer(Invitrogen) 1x T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (Invitrogen) 10 U/10μl_(reaction volume) [γ-³²P]-ATP 1 μl/10 μl_(reaction volume)

The reaction was incubated for 1 h at 37° C. In the following theradiolabelled aptamers were gel-purified.

2-5 pmoles of the radiolabeled RNAs were denatured for 3 minutes at 95°C. in selection buffer (according to physiological conditions in humanblood: 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH 7.4 was adjusted at 37° C.)without Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺, folded by addition of these ions to a finalconcentration of 1 mM at 37° C., and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. withbiotinylated human D-ghrelin in concentrations in the range of 0.4 to3000 nM. Subsequently, a constant amount of NeutrAvidin agarose wasadded as matrix and the RNA:peptide complex was shaken at 37° C. for 30more minutes. The matrix with bound peptide and tubes were thensedimented, the supernatant was removed, the matrix was washed with 100μl selection buffer and the difference between bound and unbound RNA wasdetermined by measuring the radioactivity by using a Beckman Coulter.From the calculated numbers, the control (0 nM biotinylated humanD-ghrelin) was subtracted as background. The equilibrium constants werecalculated by using the software program “GraFIT” (Version 4.0.10.,Erithacus Software Ltd., Surrey, UK).

2.2 Ranking of Aptamers by Using Competition Assay

In order to compare the clones to the already known Ghrelin-bindingsequence SOT-C (B11trc; see patent application WO2004/013274 A2), SOT-Cwas synthesized as aptamer (D-RNA) using standard protocols as describedherein (Example 4). The aptamer sequence was radiolabelled at the 5′-endwith γ-P³²-ATP using standard protocols as described herein.

Radiolabelled SOT-C and the identified clones (D-RNA) were prepared asdescribed for the equilibrium assay. The assay was carried out at apeptide concentration (biotinylated human D-ghrelin) of 20 nM.Afterwards equimolar amounts of radiolabelled SOT-C and two differentconcentrations (40 nM and 200 nM) of the aptamers were tested (Theresults are depicted in FIG. 2). The assay was performed analogously tothe equilibrium assay.

2.3 Inhibition of Ghrelin-Induced Calcium Release by Ghrelin-BindingSpiegelmers

Functional characterization of ghrelin-binding Spiegelmers is performedin a cellular assay system monitoring the interaction of human (L-)ghrelin and the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Theintracellular calcium release resulting from receptor-ligand interactionis visualized by means of a fluorescent calcium indicator.

Stable transfected CHO cells expressing the human ghrelin receptor(GHS-R1a) (obtained from Euroscreen, Gosselies, Belgium) are seeded with5-7×10⁴ cells per well in a black 96 well-plate with clear bottom(Greiner) and cultivated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in UltraCHOmedium (Cambrex) which contained in addition 100 units/ml penicillin,100 μg/ml streptomycin, 400 μg/ml geneticin and 2.5 μg/ml fungizone.

Before loading with the calcium indicator dye fluo-4, cells are washedonce with 200 μl CHO-U+. Then 50 μl of the indicator dye solution (10 μMfluo-4 (Molecular Probes), 0.08% Pluronic 127 (Molecular Probes) inCHO-U+) are added and the cells are incubated for 60 min at 37° C.Thereafter cells are washed three times with 180 μl CHO-U+. Finally 90μl CHO-U+ are added per well.

Variable amounts of Spiegelmers are incubated together with human (L-)ghrelin (purchased from Bachem) in UltraCHO medium, containing 5 mMprobenecid and 20 mM HEPES (CHO-U+) for 15 to 60 min at room temperatureor 37° C. in a 0.2 ml low profile 96-well plate. As a control, sampleswith peptide only (maximal calcium release) and samples without peptide(minimal calcium release) are analysed. In these stimulation solutions,the peptide and the Spiegelmer (if added) is 10-fold concentratedcompared to the assay.

For detection of calcium release, the stimulation solution is added tothe cells (10 μl/well), and the change of the fluorescence signal ismonitored. Measurement of fluorescence signals is done at an excitationwavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm in a FluostarOptima multidetection plate reader (BMG), equipped with injection pumps.

For parallel measurement of several samples, wells of one(perpendicular) row of a 96 well plate are recorded together. Firstthree readings with a time lag of 4 sec are done for determination ofthe base line. Then the recording is interrupted and the plate is movedout of the instrument. Using a multi-channel pipette, 10 μl of thestimulation solution is added to the wells, then the plate is moved intothe instrument again and the measurement is continued. In total 20recordings with time intervals of 4 sec are performed.

For each well the difference between maximal fluorescence and base linevalue is determined and plotted against human (L-) ghrelin(octanoylated) concentration or, in the experiments on the inhibition ofcalcium release by Spiegelmers, against concentration of Spiegelmerallowing the determination of the half-maximal inhibition constant(IC₅₀).

2.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Measurement

Aptamer characterisation binding to biotinylated human D-ghrelin weredetermined by SPR real time kinetic analysis using a BIAcore 2000instrument (BIAcore AB, Uppsala Sweden) as described. 100RU (Flowcell 2)and 300RU (Flowcell 3) of the C-terminal biotinylated peptide wereimmobilized on a Streptavidin conjugated sensor chip (Biacore AB,Freiburg, Germany) and samples in a concentration range from 0.1 μM to 1μM were injected using the Kinject command defining an association timeof 360 (s) and a dissociation time of 360 (s). Flowcell 1 was used asbuffer and dextran matrix control (Biacore SA-Chip surface) whereas onFlowcell 4 unspecific D-peptide was immobilized to determine unspecificbinding of the aptamer. Reactions were at 37° C. For data analysis withthe BIAevaluation 3.0 software (BIAcore AB, Uppsala, Sweden) we used theLangmuir 1:1 stoichiometric fitting algorithm.

EXAMPLE 3 Definition of Ghrelin Binding Spiegelmer Motifs 3.1 Truncationof SOT-D-000 3.1.2 Terminal Truncation of Previously Selected SpiegelmerSOT-D-000

The ghrelin-binding Spiegelmers which are shown in FIG. 3 have beenobtained previously, as already presented in patent applicationWO2004/013274 A2. In secondary structure predictions (minimum freeenergy conformations [Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh. Chem125:167-188]), the possibility for canonical intramolecular base pairingbetween the 5′- and the 3′-terminus becomes obvious for all Spiegelmers(FIG. 4-7; underlined bases in FIG. 3). The presence of such structuralelements in a Spiegelmer may be vital for correct folding of the activethree-dimensional structure, but for economical Spiegelmer synthesis,the molecules should be as short as possible. Spiegelmer SOT-D-000(alias a truncated version of SOT-R04-DR14-F7 without primer bindingsites) was chosen as basis for terminal truncation as it is the shortestselected Spiegelmer with the potential to form the longest terminalhelix.

Truncated variants of SOT-D-000 with helical lengths of eight(SOT-D-108), seven (SOT-D-100), and six (SOT-D-104) base pairs insteadof ten (FIG. 8) were synthesized and tested in cell culture as describedin example 2 (FIG. 9). SOT-D-104 (39mer) significantly lost bindingactivity, whereas SOT-D-100 (41mer) and −108 (43mer) retained fullghrelin-antagonistic performance. Variant SOT-D-106, a furthertruncation of SOT-D-104 in which G4 had been removed, was virtuallyinactive. Surprisingly, this non-matched G—which is present in the helixof all selected ghrelin Spiegelmers—may not readily be removed. Rather,is appears to be essential for ghrelin binding.

3.1.2. Internal Deletion Mutants of SOT-D-100 and -108

When considering the alignment of selected ghrelin binders in FIG. 3, ahighly variable region seems to exist in all aligned molecules directlyadjacent to the terminal helix at the 5′ end. In order to exploit thisapparent variability for further truncation of ghrelin binders, theshortest fully active SOT-D variants SOT-D-100 and -108 were used asbasis for further truncations. In the case of internal SOT-D-100variants, the respective bases were simply omitted, whereas in theSOT-D-108 variants they were substituted by a flexible hydrophilicspacer during synthesis. SOT-D-100 and its derivatives SOT-D-101 and-102 as well as SOT-D-108 derivatives SOT-D-109, -110, and -111 werethen tested in cell culture as described in example 2 (FIG. 9). Aspresented in FIG. 8, deletion of two, but not three internal nucleotideswas possible without activity loss (SOT-D-101; -102). In contrast, whensubstituted by a spacer (SOT-D-109, -110, -111), three nucleotides couldbe omitted. An optimal position of the spacer is realized in SOT-D-109(FIG. 10).

Modifications of SOT-D-109 at the 5′-end with a 40 kDa moiety waspossible without loss of ghrelin binding activity (FIG. 11).

3.2 Truncation of SOT-E

Following, the ghrelin-binding sequence MS-P2-F1 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 12)which was chosen as lead sequence is referred as SOT-E.

In secondary structure predictions (minimum free energy conformations[Hofacker et al., 1994, Monatsh. Chem 125:167-188]), the possibility forcanonical intramolecular base pairing between the C30 and G50 becomesobvious for Spiegelmer SOT-E (FIG. 12). In the following experimentswhich result in truncation of Spiegelmer SOT-E are described. Alltruncated versions of Spiegelmer SOT-E were tested with respect of theiractivity in cell culture (see Example 2).

3.2.1 Terminal Truncation of Spiegelmer SOT-E

The six nucleotides at the 3′end seem not to be hybridised to otherparts of the molecule. In contrast, at the 5′-end the nucleotides may bepartly paired. Surprisingly, the 3′-end can not be truncated withoutreduction of binding (Spiegelmer SOT-E-012) whereas Spiegelmer SOT-E-014(truncation of six nucleotides at the 5′-end) retained fullghrelin-antagonistic activity (FIG. 13).

3.2.2 Internal Deletion Mutants of Spiegelmer SOT-E

When considering the alignment of the selected ghrelin binders MS-P2-E3,MS-P2-G2, MS-P2-D2, MS-P2-A3, MS-P2-E1, MS-P2-B1 MS-P2-C3, MS-P2-C2,MS-P2-H2, MS-P2-A4 and SOT-E (sequence family I) in FIG. 1 a variableregion seems to exist in all aligned molecules at the end and directlyadjacent to the helix (G36-C43 in SOT-E). The secondary structureprediction of Spiegelmer SOT-E shows a loop of four nucleotides(A38-U41; FIG. 12). In order to exploit this apparent variability forfurther truncation of ghrelin binders, at first the respective bases ofSpiegelmer SOT-E were substituted by a flexible hydrophilic spacerduring synthesis. Deletion of six (U37-A42; SOT-E-011) nucleotides, butnot eight (G36-C43; SOT-E-008) nucleotides was possible without loss ofactivity. The combination of the results of truncation at the 5′-end(G1-A6) and the substitution of six nucleotides (U37-A42) by flexiblehydrophilic spacer leads to the 44-nucleotide Spiegelmer SOT-E-019 (FIG.14) which shows an identical IC₅₀ in cell culture as the 56-nucleotideSpiegelmer SOT-E (FIG. 12).

3.2.3 Rearrangement of Sequence Segments within SOT-E-019

The sequence family II represented by sequences MS-P2-A2, MS-P2-H3,MS-P2-D1 (FIG. 1) bear resemblance to sequence family I (includingSOT-E). These sequence homology is highlighted as box A(UAAGACCGAAGGUAACCAAUCCUAC (SEQ ID NO: 86)) in FIG. 1. In sequencefamily II box A is rather located at the 3′-end whereas in sequencefamily I box A is close to the 5′-end. Due to this result of the invitro selection and the secondary structure prediction of SpiegelmerSOT-E, a variant of SOT-E-019 was designed in which box A is located atthe 5′-end. For that purpose the original 5′-end and 3′-end of SOT-E-019were linked with a flexible hydrophilic spacer and the loop was removedthus resulting in a new 5′- and 3′-end (variant SOT-E-021; FIGS. 15 and21). Surprisingly, for SOT-E-21 no loss of activity could be observed.Further truncations on basis of SOT-E-019 and SOT-E-021 (SOT-E-33 (FIGS.16 and 21) and SOT-E-25 (FIGS. 17 and 21) were not possible withoutreducing ghrelin-antagonistic functionality (FIG. 13).

3.3 Comparison of SOT-C, SOT-D-109 and SOT-E

Spiegelmer SOT-E was measured by Surface Plasmon resonance (Example 2)in comparison to SOT-C and a sixfold better K_(D) could be determined(FIG. 18). The same improved binding (fivefold better) could be detectedin cell culture experiments (Example 2) with Spiegelmer SOT-E incomparison to D-109 (FIG. 19). In order to improve the residence time inthe animal body, Spiegelmer SOT-E-19 was modified at its 5′-end by a 40kDa-PEG moiety (SOT-E19-5′-PEG). Spiegelmer SOT-E19-5′-PEG showedsimilar results in comparison to SOT-E in cell culture experiments (FIG.19) and additionally demonstrated in vivo activity (Example 5; FIG. 22).

3.4 Definition of Ghrelin Binding Spiegelmer Motifs

All molecules binding ghrelin, particularly ghrelin having an octanoylacid side chain as defined herein, are primarily characterised by thepresence of a motif of 25 nucleotides (“Box A”) which is essential forghrelin binding. Some of the 25 nucleotides within “Box A” seem to beinterchangeable with other bases (FIG. 20A).

An essential necessity for functionality of “Box A” within a ghrelinbinding Spiegelmer is the hybridisation of “Box A's” 3′-terminal fivenucleotides (5′-CCUAC) with a complementary strand of the sequence5′-GUGAGG forming a helical structure with a non-pairing central locatedguanosine (Box B). Deletion of this central guanosine in Box B leads tosignificant loss of binding (“Helix defined by Box A”, Non-pairing G;FIG. 20A). 3′-adjacent to “Box A”, the “Helix defined by Box A” shouldminimally be elongated by one, preferentially by two ore moreadditional, non-defined base pairs (“Box C1” and “Box C2”, FIG. 20A).

At the 3′-end of “Box B” further nucleotides are essential for binding.At least two further nucleotides (preferentially 5′-CA) are necessaryfor binding. Significant improvement of binding can be achieved byadding further two, optimally four nucleotides at this position (“BoxD”, FIG. 20A) resulting in Box D comprising two, three, four, five orsix nucleotides.

At the 5′-end of “Box A” further nucleotides are essential for binding.At least one further nucleotide (especially U or G) is necessary forbinding. Significant improvement of binding can be achieved by addingfurther two nucleotides at this position (“Box E”, FIG. 20A) resultingin Box E comprising one, two, three or four nucleotides.

If boxes D and E are linked via a flexible hydrophilic spacer, saidspacer can also be inserted in various positions (see FIG. 8; SOT-D-109,SOT-D-110 and SOT-D-111).

Surprisingly, the defined sequence elements are functional when “Box C1”and “Box C2” instead of Box D and E linked with a flexible hydrophilicspacer.

Variant 1:

Variant 2:

The features of the present invention disclosed in the specification,the claims and/or the drawings may both separately and in anycombination thereof be material for realizing the invention in variousforms thereof.

EXAMPLE 4 Chemical Synthesis of Aptamers and Spiegelmers ChemicalSolid-Phase Synthesis Small Scale Synthesis

The aptamers were produced by solid-phase synthesis with an ABI 394synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA) using 2′TBDMSRNA phosphoramidite chemistry (M. J. Damha, K. K. Ogilvie, Methods inMolecular Biology, Vol. 20 Protocols for oligonucleotides and analogs,ed. S. Agrawal, p. 81-114, Humana Press Inc. 1993). D-rA(N-Bz)-,D-rC(Ac)-, D-rG(N-ibu)-, D-rU- and hexaethylene glycol phosphoramiditeswere purchased from ChemGenes, Wilmington, Mass. The aptamers werepurified by gel electrophoresis.

The unmodified (without PEGylation) Spiegelmers were produced bysolid-phase synthesis with an ABI 394 synthesizer (Applied Biosystems,Foster City, Calif., USA) using 2′TBDMS RNA phosphoramidite chemistry(M. J. Damha, K. K. Ogilvie, Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 20Protocols for oligonucleotides and analogs, ed. S. Agrawal, p. 81-114,Humana Press Inc. 1993). L-rA(N-Bz)-, L-rC(Ac)-, L-rG(N-ibu)-, L-rU- andhexaethylene glycol phosphoramidites were purchased from ChemGenes,Wilmington, Mass. The aptamers were purified by gel electrophoresis.

Large Scale Synthesis Plus Modification

The modified Spiegelmer SOT-E-19 was produced by solid-phase synthesiswith an ÄktaPilot100 synthesizer (Amersham Biosciences; General ElectricHealthcare, Freiburg) using 2′TBDMS RNA phosphoramidite chemistry (M. J.Damha, K. K. Ogilvie, Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 20 Protocolsfor oligonucleotides and analogs, ed. S. Agrawal, p. 81-114, HumanaPress Inc. 1993). L-rA(N-Bz)-, L-rC(Ac)-, L-rG(N-ibu)-, L-rU- andhexaethylene glycol phosphoramidites were purchased from ChemGenes,Wilmington, Mass. The synthesis was started on L-riboC modified CPG poresize 1000 Å (Link Technology, Glasgow, UK). For coupling (15 min percycle), 0.3 M benzylthiotetrazole (CMS-Chemicals, Abingdon, UK) inacetonitrile, and 3.5 equivalents of the respective 0.1 Mphosphoramidite solution in acetonitrile was used. The amino group atthe 5′-end of the Spiegelmer was attached by coupling aminohexylphosphoramidite (ChemGenes). An oxidation-capping cycle was used.Further standard solvents and reagents for oligonucleotide synthesiswere purchased from Biosolve (Valkenswaard, NL). The Spiegelmer wassynthesized DMT-ON; after deprotection, it was purified via preparativeRP-HPLC (Wincott F et al 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 2677) usingSourcelSRPC medium (Amersham). The 5′DMT-group was removed with 80%acetic acid (30 min at RT). Subsequently, aqueous 2 M NaOAc solution wasadded and the Spiegelmer was desalted by tangential-flow filtrationusing a 5 K regenerated cellulose membrane (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.).

PEGylation

In order to reduce renal clearance in vivo, the Spiegelmer SOT-E-19 wascovalently coupled to a 40 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety at the5′-end. Using a Spiegelmer with such increased molecular mass,significantly prolonged retention in plasma and therefore longerefficiency can be achieved.

For PEGylation (see European patent application EP 1 306 382), thepurified 5′-amino modified Spiegelmer was dissolved in a mixture of H₂O(2.5 ml), DMF (5 ml), and buffer A (5 ml; prepared by mixing citricacid.H₂O [7 g], boric acid [3.54 g], phosphoric acid [2.26 ml], and 1 MNaOH [343 ml] and adding H₂O to a final volume of 1 l; pH=8.4 wasadjusted with 1 M HCl)

The pH of the Spiegelmer solution was brought to 8.4 with 1 M NaOH.Then, 40 kDa PEG-NHS ester (Nektar Therapeutics, Huntsville, Ala.) wasadded at 37° C. every 30 min in four portions of 0.6 equivalents until amaximal yield of 75 to 85% was reached. The pH of the reaction mixturewas kept at 8-8.5 with 1 M NaOH during addition of the PEG-NHS ester.

The reaction mixture was blended with 4 ml urea solution (8 M), 4 mlbuffer A, and 4 ml buffer B (0.1 M triethylammonium acetate in H₂O) andheated to 95° C. for 15 min. The PEGylated Spiegelmer was then purifiedby RP-HPLC with Source 15RPC medium (Amersham), using an acetonitrilegradient (buffer B; buffer C, 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate inacetonitrile). Excess PEG eluted at 5% buffer C, PEGylated Spiegelmer at10-15% buffer C. Product fractions with a purity of >95% (as assessed byHPLC) were combined and mixed with 40 ml 3 M NaOAC. The PEGylatedSpiegelmer was desalted by tangential-flow filtration (5 K regeneratedcellulose membrane, Millipore, Bedford Mass.).

EXAMPLE 5 Inhibition of the Growth Hormone Release after ExogenousGhrelin Administration by Anti-Ghrelin-Spiegelmer SOT-E19-5′-PEG

The administration of exogenous ghrelin is known to trigger the releaseof growth hormone (GH) in rats. Prior administration of ghrelin-bindingSpiegelmer suppresses the ghrelin-induced release of GH.

Sprague Dawley rats were adapted to their new environment for 7 days.The experimental set-up consisted of five groups with five animals each:one positive control group and 4 different doses of SpiegelmerSOT-E19-5′-PEG. All animals were anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine forthe duration of the experiment and received two intravenous injectionsinto the tail vein. The first injection was given 30 minutes before thesecond injection and consisted of PBS (positive control group) or thedoses of Spiegelmer SOT-E19-5′-PEG indicated in FIG. 22. The secondadministration consisted of 3 nmol rat ghrelin for all animals andmarked time 0 for the experiment. Prior to the second administration afirst blood sample was withdrawn from the orbital sinus. Additionalsamples were taken at 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes after rat ghrelinadministration. The resulting plasma samples were analysed for growthhormone concentrations with a commercial enzymatic immunoassay systemfollowing the manufacturer's instructions (Growth hormone, Rat, BiotrakAssay Kit, RPN2561, Amersham Biosciences Europe GmbH, Freiburg).

As can be seen in FIG. 22, the release of GH is powerfully stimulated bythe injection of rat ghrelin, but can be inhibited by the prioradministration of SOT-E19-5′-PEG. Maximum inhibition is achieved at 75nmol SOT-E19-5′-PEG/kg body weight. A further increase in theadministrated dose to 150 nmol SOT-E19-5′-PEG/kg body weight suppressesGH release no further. The result demonstrates the in vivo activity ofthe anti-Ghrelin Spiegelmer SOT-E19-5′-PEG.

EXAMPLE 6 Derivatives of SOT-E-19 without an Internal Linker

As described in Example 3 anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer SOT-E-19 consists ofL-nucleotides and an internal linker which was incorporated in theoriginal molecule SOT-E in order to substitute 6 nucleotides. 4 out of 6nucleotides form an loop in Spiegelmer SOT-E, the remained 2 nucleotides(out of the 6 nucleotides) may hybridize to each other (SOT-E, see FIG.23, first row, hybridized nucleotides are underlined).

In order to realize as short as possible derivatives of SOT-E-19 withoutan internal linker, the linker was substituted by different buildingblocks of 3 nucleotides. All derivatives were synthesized as Spiegelmers(protocol see Example 4) and analyzed in cell culture experiments(protocol see Example 2). A substitution of the internal linker ofSOT-E19 without loss of binding and inhibitory efficacy (IC₅₀) wassuccessfully shown for the following building blocks: ACA (SOT-E-19-L3)and CAA (SOT-E-19-L4). The different derivatives of SOT-E-19 are shownin FIG. 23.

EXAMPLE 7 Discrimination of Octanoyl-Ghrelin and Desoctanoyl-Ghrelin byGhrelin-Binding Spiegelmers

The characteristics of the binding of Spiegelmer SOT-E19 to ghrelin werefurther analysed in a competition assay, based on the method describedin Example 2. In these assays, the Spiegelmer was incubated withdifferent combinations of ghrelin peptides (octanoyl- and des-octanoylghrelin) in the stimulation solutions prior to stimulation of cells.

The scheme of peptide combinations and the results of the experimentwith full-length octanoyl-ghrelin (human ghrelin=hu ghrelin) aresummarized in FIG. 24 (bars numbered from left to right): without anyoctanoyl-ghrelin (human ghrelin=hu ghrelin), or with desoctanoyl-ghrelinin a final concentration of 300 nM, no stimulation of cells can bedetected (bars 1 and 2), while already octanoyl-ghrelin (humanghrelin=hu ghrelin) in a concentration of 13 nM is sufficient formediating calcium release (bar 3); further addition of 300 nMdesoctanoyl-ghrelin (bar 4) does not interfere with cell stimulation,indicating that the biologically inactive desoctanoyl-ghrelin is not areceptor antagonist. The calcium release mediated by 3 nMoctanoyl-ghrelin (human ghrelin=hu ghrelin) can be inhibited by a10-fold excess of SOT-E19 (bar 5), and even the presence ofdesoctanoyl-ghrelin in a 100-fold excess (300 nM) over octanoyl-ghrelin(human ghrelin=hu ghrelin) does not compete for inhibition (bar 6). Incontrast, an assay concentration of 300 nM octanoyl-ghrelin and 30 nMSpiegelmer shows increased calcium release (bar 7), giving evidence thatunder assay conditions a stimulation enhancement with octanoyl-ghrelin(human ghrelin=hu ghrelin) can be achieved. This experimentdemonstrates, that SOT-E19 specifically discriminates between ghrelin inthe octanoyl-form and the desoctanoyl-form.

Binding characteristics of Spiegelmer NOX-B11 to ghrelin (binding tooctanoyl-ghrelin but not or weakly to des-octanoyl-ghrelin) are similarto SOT-E19 (The same experiment was previously done as described inWO2005/049828.

Because both molecules have a high structural correlation (see Example3) which is mainly based on box A, the results support the assumptionthat motif A is essential for the high specificity of the nucleic acidmolecules according to the present invention regarding to theoctanoylated form of ghrelin, especially regarding the five amino acidsat the N-terminus including the octanoyl group.

EXAMPLE 8 Quantification of Octanoyl-Ghrelin Using Ghrelin-BindingSpiegelmer NOX-B11

The ghrelin-binding Spiegelmer NOX-B11 can be used in an assay formatsimilar to that of an enzyme immune assay (EIA) for non-radioactivequantification of octanoylated human and rat ghrelin.

Principle

In this assay, standards, controls and unknown treated plasma areincubated in 96-well-microtiter-plates which have been coated with aghrelin-binding Spiegelmer, e.g., Spiegelmer NOX-B11, which recognizeoctanoyl-ghrelin at its N-terminus. After incubation and washing, thewells are treated with an anti-ghrelin antibody (first antibody) or anucleic acid which binds to ghrelin at the C-terminus of ghrelin. Thisantibody or nucleic acid can be labeled or not, whereby a nucleic acidwould be preferably labeled. If the (first) antibody is not labeled,after incubation removing the (first) anti-ghrelin antibody and severalwashing steps a second antibody (the antibody is directed to theFc-fragment of the first antibody and is labeled) is added. The label ofthe second antibody can be the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP).After incubation the well with the second antibody and removal of theunbound fraction, the wells are incubated with the HRP substratetetramethylbenzidine (TMB). An acidic stopping solution is then addedand the degree of enzymatic turnover of the substrate is determined byabsorbance measurement at 450 nm. The absorbance measured is directlyproportional to the concentration of octanoyl-ghrelin present in thesample. A set of ghrelin standards is used to plot a standard curve ofabsorbance versus ghrelin concentration from which the ghrelin inunknowns can be calculated.

Protocol

Firstly, a streptavidin-coated 96-well plate (Reacti-Bind StreptavidinCoated High Bind Capacity Black 96-well Plates, Perbio Science, Bonn,Germany) was washed three times with PBS-Dulbecco (with Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺,Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) including 0.1% Tween. Each well wasincubated with 100 μl 50 μM biotinylated Spiegelmer NOX-B11 (dissolvedin PBS; SEQ. ID. 72) for one hour at room temperature. Afterimmobilisation of biotinylated Spiegelmer NOX-B11 unbound Spiegelmer wasremoved by one washing step (100 μl PBS). This is illustrated in FIG.26A.

After removing the wash buffer, the stock solutions with definedconcentration of octanoyl-ghrelin were added and incubated for one hourat room temperature. The supernatant was removed and the wells werewashed once (100 μl PBS). This is illustrated in FIG. 26B.

The anti-ghrelin antibody (from Phoenix Peptides, Belmont, Calif., USA;1° ab) was incubated in blocking solution (from Phoenix Peptides,Belmont, Calif., USA) for one hour, unbound antibodies were removed byfive washing step (100 μl PBS each). This is illustrated in FIG. 26C

In order to the detect the bound anti-ghrelin antibody, a secondantibody (from Phoenix Peptides, Belmont, Calif., USA; 2° ab-HRP) wasused which specifically recognize the Fc-fragment of the anti-ghrelinantibody (1° ab) and is modified with Horseradish peroxidase. Theunbound fraction of the second antibody (2° ab-HRP) was removed by fivewashing steps (100 μl PBS). This is illustrated in FIG. 26D.

For quantification, 100 μl of TMB substrate (Amersham Biosciences,Little Chalfont, UK) was added, the plate was sealed and incubated in adark room for 30 min. Then 50 μl of stopping solution was added. Thedegree of enzymatic turnover of the substrate was determined absorbancemeasurement at 450 nm and the difference of the absorbance units wererecorded.

As shown in FIG. 25 a set of ghrelin standards was used to plot astandard curve of absorbance versus ghrelin concentration

Results

As a matter of principle the experimental data demonstrates thatSpiegelmer NOX-B11 can be used to immobilize octanoyl-ghrelin inconcentration-dependant manner and therefore has potential as reagent inan EIA type detection assay.

The features of the present invention disclosed in the specification,the claims and/or the drawings may both separately and in anycombination thereof be material for realizing the invention in variousforms thereof.

1.-63. (canceled)
 64. An L-nucleic acid comprising the nucleotidesequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:30 & 74, or a homolog thereof with atleast about 85% homology, wherein said sequences are linked by apolyethylene glycol (PEG) group, and said L-nucleic acid binds aghrelin.
 65. A kit for the detection of ghrelin, comprising theL-nucleic acid of claim
 64. 66. The L-nucleic acid of claim 64, furthercomprising hydroxyethyl starch (HES), PEG or both.
 67. The L-nucleicacid of claim 66, wherein said PEG is straight or branched.
 68. TheL-nucleic acid of claim 66, wherein the molecular weight of said PEG isfrom about 20 to 120 kD.
 69. The L-nucleic acid of claim 66, wherein themolecular weight of said PEG is from about 30 to 80 kD.
 70. TheL-nucleic acid of claim 66, wherein the molecular weight of said PEG isabout 40 kD.
 71. The L-nucleic acid of claim 66, wherein the molecularweight of said HES is from about 10 to 130 kD.
 72. The L-nucleic acid ofclaim 66, wherein the molecular weight of said HES is from about 30 to80 kD.
 73. The L-nucleic acid of claim 66, wherein the molecular weightof said HES is about 50 kD.
 74. The L-nucleic acid of claim 64, whereinsaid ghrelin comprises a human ghrelin.
 75. The L-nucleic acid of claim64, wherein said ghrelin comprises an octanoyl ghrelin.
 76. Acomposition comprising the L-nucleic acid of claim
 64. 77. The L-nucleicacid of claim 64, wherein said PEG group comprises a molecular weight offrom about 172 to 688 daltons.
 78. The L-nucleic acid of claim 64,wherein said PEG group comprises a molecular weight of about 344daltons.
 79. The L-nucleic acid of claim 64, wherein said ghrelincomprises SEQ ID NO:1.
 80. The L-nucleic acid of claim 64, furthercomprising a label.